"War of the Hyksos" (19 jan 1533 ano antes da era comum – 1 jan 1530 ano antes da era comum)

Descrição:

EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY THROUGH ASTRONOMICALLY DATED SYNCHRONISMS by Gerard Gertoux

The chronological reconstruction of the so-called war of the Hyksos shows that in fact it was carried out in two phases: first a police operation led from Thebes to Sile (modern Tell Hebua), through Heliopolis, in order to loot Avaris, former capital of the Hyksos, then to destroy Sile (another big city belonging to the Hyksos). One year later Kamose waged a war, dated in his year 3, to annex the Kushite kingdom of Kerma, ally of the Hyksos (16th Dynasty). Most steles describing a war are dated Year 3 [of Kamose] and were erected at Edfu (near Thebes), capital of the 16th Dynasty (Barbotin: 2008, 169-202), which indirectly confirm the place of the war (south of Egypt).

_____

Moses and the Exodus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence by Gérard GERTOUX

One can notice that Egyptian documents unanimously describe the departure of the Hyksos from Egypt to Palestine in a disaster. Modern Egyptologists pictured a ‘war of the Hyksos’, however no document speaks of war but only that Avaris, Hyksos’ capital, was looted and vandalized after their departure. Moreover all accounts of former historians picture the Hyksos as the ancestors of the Hebrews, led into Palestine under the leadership of Moses.

The only major incident during the period before the “Hyksos' war” is recorded in a decree of Antef VII217 (1555-1545), a predecessor of Seqenenre, the in absentia impeachment of Teti, viceroy of Kush, who had fomented a rebellion218: Year 3, III Peret 25, under the Majesty, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nebkheperre son of Ra, Antef [VII] (...) that one ignores now his name in the temple (...) rebel and enemy of God, his writings have to be destroyed (...) any king or powerful governor who will be merciful to him will not be able to receive the white crown [Upper Egypt] anymore, he will not bear the Red Crown [Lower Egypt], he will not sit on the throne of Horus [Egypt] of living beings, the two Mistresses will not be favourable to him. These remarks illustrate the political situation at the time: kings of the 17th Dynasty had authority over Egypt but they had delegated a part of Upper Egypt to vassal Kings of Kush and a part of Lower Egypt to Kings of foreign Lands, the Theban kings of the 16th dynasty, such as Mentuhotepi (1567- 1566) who wrote: one in whose governance people (can) live, one who functions as king [...] of victorious Thebes! I am a king native of Thebes, this city of mine, mistress of the entire land, city of triumph219. Relationships between Egyptian and Hyksos kings were peaceful, as evidenced by the fact that stones of Senakhtenra's monument in Thebes come from Tura, near Memphis, which proves that the Egyptian kingdoms (16th and 17th Dynasties) maintained trade and peaceful relations, reversing a so-called rivalry220.

The earlier Egyptian documents show that, contrary to the descriptions of later Egyptian sources, the Hyksos were builders, even encouraging the spread of Egyptian literature and intellectual life of Egypt222. Furthermore, paradoxically, no Pharaoh had this “war against the Hyksos” engraved on the rock, as was the case for the Battle of Kadesh, which was nevertheless crucial in Egyptian history.

The reconstruction of this time period shows that it all happened during the reign of Kamose. Two paradoxes appear: 1) Kamose who is nevertheless the key element in the “Egypt liberation” is not placed at the beginning of the 18th dynasty, and in his lengthy biography the soldier Ahmose son of Abana detailing his service, from Seqenenre until Thutmose I, ignored Kamose, the major hero of the war; 2) Some Egyptologists describe, by conjecture, a violent war with the Hyksos, but the remains of Avaris show no trace of conflagration and destruction, but rather a gradual abandonment of the city.

The chronological reconstruction of the so-called war of the Hyksos shows that in fact it was carried out in two phases: first a police operation to loot and ransack the big city of Avaris (capital of the Hyksos) and the town of Sharuhen, then a war dated in year 3 of Kamose in order to annex the Nubian kingdom of Kerma, a former ally of the Hyksos. The majority of stelae describing a war are dated year 3 [of Kamose] and were erected at Edfu, capital of the 16th Dynasty257, which indirectly confirm the place of the war (south of Egypt).

Adicionado na linha do tempo:

Data: