Tutankhamun (1 nov 1337 ano antes da era comum – 31 dez 1327 ano antes da era comum)

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EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY THROUGH ASTRONOMICALLY DATED SYNCHRONISMS by Gerard Gertoux


If Tutankhamun was about 10 years old (as indicated by the size of his throne and his crown) on 8 November 1337, the day of his enthronement (19/IV/1), he was born in 1345 BCE in the final year of reign of Amenhotep III. So, Tutankhamun was the rightful son of Amenhotep III, as indicate several dedications (Wente, Harris: 1992, 13-15) inscribed on monuments for his father (like the Soleb lion), similarly on an astronomical instrument (OI 12144) which was dedicated by Tutankhamun to Thutmose IV his grandfather (it itw). It should finally be noted that a lock of hair of Queen Tiye (a symbol of filiation) had been placed in Tutankhamun's tomb (Bell: 1986, 47-49). Consequently, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) but also Smenkhkare and Tutankhaten (Tutankhamun) were the sons of Amenhotep III (and Queen Tiye). Tutankhamun stated clearly to be a son of Amenhotep III and, as he died at the age of 20 +/- 2 years (according to the state of his mummy), his statement can only be true if there was a co-regency of at least 11 years. Without co-regency, Amenhotep III's death is separated from Tutankhamun by 30 years (= 17+3+10) and he could not have been his son because he died when he was 20 as confirmed by his coronation chair made for a 10-year old child. With the co-regency, the gap of 19 years (= 6+3+10) agrees with his birth to the end of Amenhotep III's reign in 1347 BCE (= 1327 + 20). Consequently, the successor of Akhenaten was first Semenkhkare (his brother) then Tutankhamun (his younger brother) 3 years later... The truth, based on chronology as well as documents, is much more banal: When Amenhotep IV was installed in his new city (Akhetaten) after the death of his father (Amenhotep III) he was the victim of the plague that caused the death of his wife (Nefertiti), his own, that of his brother Semenkhkare as well as that of his wife (Ankhkeperure). The total solar eclipse (dated 14 May 1338 BCE) during the brief reign of Ankhkeperure, a widowed queen, was perceived by the priests of Amun as a curse on the town ruled by Aten. Amenhotep IV who was a mystic pharaoh (he greatly promoted the idolatry of the god Aten), but not monotheism which was unknown for Egyptians (in addition, the worship of other gods had continued in the rest of Egypt), was considered retrospectively as having angered the other gods by his favouritism. On the death of Ankhkeperure the priests of Amun decided to abandon the city of Akhetaten (September 1337 BCE) and return to old values by the cult of Amun in renaming Tutankh-Aten, the last son of Amen-hotep III, to Tutankh-Amen. Noteworthy when he became pharaoh, General Ay built a temple for Tutankhamun (Gabolde: 2015, 89-92, 409-432) he considered as “his son” likely because he had preserved him his right to the throne when he murdered Zannanza who had been promoted as Pharaoh by Ankhkeperure.

Tutankhamun's death in 1327 BCE can be deduced from the following synchronisms:

• Amenhotep III died in April 1345 BCE in the 38th year of his reign.
• Tušratta wrote 7 letters (Moran: 1987, 48, 110-190) to Amenhotep III (EA 17 to 26) then 3 letters to Amenhotep IV (EA 27 to 29). He relates in his first letter (EA 17) his accession to the throne after the murder of his brother Artašuwara, then the following year the attack of Hittite king [Šuppiluliuma I] that he managed to repel. EA 23 letter (BM 29793) is dated IV Peret 1 Year 36 and 27 EA letter is dated I Peret [5] Year [1]2 of Amenhotep IV. Correspondence with Amenhotep III was intense because the EA 20 letter stated that the following letter would be sent 6 months later, involving a total period of 4 or 5 years between his first and last letters. Correspondence with Amenhotep IV was more relaxed since the last letter written to Amenhotep IV (EA 29) states “my messengers for 4 years”, involving a period of at least 4 years between his first and last letters.
• Šuppiluliuma I congratulated Semenkhkare (Ḫureya) when he ascended to Egypt's throne (EA 41), then mentions the murder of Tušratta in a letter to Semenkhkare (EA 43).
• Šuppiluliuma I died in 1322 BCE, as did his son Arnuwanda II, during the 6th and final year of the war. The deeds of Šuppiluliuma mention a period of 20 years between this Hurrian war of 6 years and the Syrian war of 1 year (KUB 19:9 I). The preparation of the Syrian war covered a period of 3 or 4 years after the first unsuccessful attack against Tušratta at the beginning of his reign (KBo I:1).

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