Nora Stone (1 jan 890 ano antes da era comum – 1 jan 850 ano antes da era comum)

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DATING OF THE FOUNDATION OF CARTHAGE by Gerard Gertoux

According to a widely spread tradition, Carthage was founded by Queen Elissa, then known as Dido, who fled Tyre following the murder of her husband in an attempt by her younger brother, the King of Tyre, to bolster his own power. According to Justinus' account (History XVIII:4-6), Princess Elissa was the daughter of King Mattan I (906-877). When he died, the throne was jointly bequeathed to her and her brother, Pygmalion. She married her uncle Acherbas [Zakarbaal] High Priest of Melqart, a man with both authority and wealth comparable to the king. The Nora Stone, considered one of the oldest Phoenician inscription (found in Sardinia, dated c. 890-840 BCE by epigraphy), certifies this episode.

According to this epigraphical study, the Nora Stone can to be dated. The shape of the letter K (kap line 6) on the stele appears only from -890 (Mesha), the letter M (mem lines 4, 5 and 8) is vertical before -840 (Fekherye), then horizontal after that date. The letter M in Dan stele (-860) is horizontal, but sometimes vertical (line 8 fragment 1, lines 2 and 4 fragment 2). The letter L (lamed lines 4, 6 and 8) is rounded only after -890 (Mesha) and angular before that date. According to these epigraphical criteria, Nora Stone should be dated 890-840, and not around 800 BCE.
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EXAMINATION OF ANACHRONISMS IN BIBLICAL AND ASSYRIAN CHRONOLOGIES by Gerard Gertoux

According to this epigraphical study, the Nora Stone can be dated. We notice that the letter W in the Mesha stele still looks like the archaic form of the sarcophagus of Ahiram62 (1020-1000). The shape of the letter K (kap line 6) on the stele appears only from 890 BCE (Mesha), the letter M (mem lines 4, 5 and 8) is vertical before 840 BCE (Fekherye), then horizontal after that date. The letter M in the Dan stele (880-860) is horizontal, but sometimes vertical (line 8 fragment 1, lines 2 and 4 fragment 2). The letter L (lamed lines 4, 6 and 8) is rounded only after 890 BCE and angular before that date. According to these epigraphical criteria, the Nora Stone should be dated after 890 BCE and before 850 BCE (van Dommelen: 1998, 72-73). This epigraphic dating confirms two points: the foundation of Carthage took place before 850 BCE, the reign of Pygmalion given by Menander agrees perfectly with this date. This also confirms that the king of Tyre named Bali-ma-AN-zēri, mentioned in the tribute of 839 BCE, never existed.

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