Ugbaru (Darius the Mede) Appointed King of Babylon (13 out 539 ano antes da era comum – 30 nov 538 ano antes da era comum)

Descrição:

Daniel 5

30 That very night Belshazzar the Chaldean king was killed. 31 [j] And Darius the Mede received the kingdom, being about sixty-two years old.

Daniel 6

It pleased Darius to set over the kingdom 120 satraps, to be throughout the whole kingdom; 2 and over them three high officials, of whom Daniel was one, to whom these satraps should give account, so that the king might suffer no loss.

Daniel 9

In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, by descent a Mede, who was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans— 2 in the first year of his reign, I, Daniel, perceived in the books the number of years that, according to the word of the Lord to Jeremiah the prophet, must pass before the end of the desolations of Jerusalem, namely, seventy years.

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AJ Koehler

From Daniel 5, 6, and 9, it is self-evident that Darius the Mede and Darius I can not be the same person, as Darius the Mede was King long before the first year of Darius I.

Further, it makes perfect sense that the biblical ram with 2 horns of Daniel 9, would be the unified "team" to destroy the Babylonian empire, i.e, Cyrus II (Persia) and Harpagus (Medes). Thus Darius the Mede IS Harpagus, just as Ugbaru is Oibaras. Why would just one "horn" overthrow Babylon? Why would some other unrelated person be grabbed and placed as the appointed King of Babylon after it's overthrow?

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Ugbaru is Darius the Mede (539/538 BCE) by Gerard Gertoux

According to the Nabonidus Chronicle, Ugbaru (Gobryas) was the governor of Gutium, who actually led Cyrus the Great's army that captured Babylon in the month of Tashritu in the 17th year (539/538).

As we have seen, the Babylonian chronicle is biased on this powerful character, as it calls him "governor of Gutium" while he assumed the function of king. Indeed, the appointment of governors (or satraps) was only the fact of the king22. The scribe of the Chronicle also stipulates that the death of Ugbaru was quickly followed by the death of king's wife, indirectly confirming in fact his title of King. Finally, the scribe is "wrong" in the spelling of Ugbaru which he also wrote Gubaru. The name Ugbaru means nothing, but Gubaru means "neck" in Akkadian. A transcript UG-ba-ru, instead of ug-ba-ru, could be read in Akkadian23 uggu-bâru "anger of the diviner" or šarru-baru "King of the diviner." This is clearly more a nickname than a given name. Similarly, the name Harpagus (haspargos in Greek) should also be a nickname, because it is close to the Greek word "looting (hasparges)". The name Oibaras, quoted by Ctesias, is more likely — it could be a transcription of the Elamite name Ubaruš "who has well-formed shoulders24".

In conclusion, Ugbaru should really be called Ubaruš (Elamite name). When the city of Babylon is taken, Cyrus appointed him as king and gave him the Persian name of Darius "who owns the property." After his death, the Babylonian scribes nicknamed him: Ugbaru "King of the diviner", and much later: Harpagus "looting" in Greek, because they had a poor opinion of this king for the following reasons: 1) as the Medes were associated with the Babylonians to overthrow Assyria (in 612 BCE) and were then combined with the Persians to overthrow Babylon, they were considered traitors; 2) the status of the king of Babylon was awarded following a religious ceremony26, which was not the case for Ugbaru; and 3) this king was not to be appreciated by the satraps because, according to the text of Daniel 6:24-27, he had thrown some of them to the lions and displayed an openly pro- Jewish policy (Daniel was considered by the Babylonians as a harmful diviner).

The Median origin of Ugbaru is disputed by some historians. However, although the Babylonian texts do not clearly indicate, the name Gutium is an indirect confirmation. Indeed, this archaic term27 (referring to the ancient Guti kings who had overthrown the kings of Akkad) had become a cliché to refer to the Zagros mountain people and was associated with the Medes, since we read in an inscription: He pronounced the name of Cyrus, king of Anshan, declared to become the ruler of all the world. He [Cyrus] made the Guti country [in 550 BCE by his victory over Astyages] and all the hordes Medes under his feet (...) Marduk, the great lord, protector of his worshipers, beheld with pleasure his (Cyrus’) good deeds and his upright heart and [therefore] he ordered him to march against his city Babylon28. Some years later, the Babylonian version of Behistun qualify maguš "magus (cleric from a tribe Median)" the brother of Cambyses II, the usurper Bardiya (Gaumata). Strabo, at the beginning of our era, stood still the Medes and their tribes to the north of Babylon (Geography XVI:1:8).

How old was Ugbaru at the time of the fall of Babylon? We can suppose that Harpagus (Ugbaru) was at least 20 years old at the birth of Cyrus (The Histories I:108) who began to reign in 559 BCE, when he was probably 20 years old. Under this assumption, Harpagus was born in 599 BCE (= 559 + 20 + 20) and was around 60 years old at the time of the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE, that agrees with the biblical text: Darius the Mede himself received the kingdom, being about 62 years old (Daniel 5:31).

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According to Flavius Josephus, Cyrus took Babylon with the help of Darius the Mede, a "son of Astyages" [Astyages was King of the Medes from 585-550 BC], at the epoch of Belshazzar, in the year 17 of Nabonidus (Jewish Antiquities X:247-249).

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