Amenhotep III (List of Enemies Includes Shasu (Israel)) (2 jan 1383 ano antes da era comum – 31 jul 1345 ano antes da era comum)

Descrição:

The Pharaoh of the Exodus Fairy tale or real history? Outcome of the investigation by
Gérard GERTOUX

In the tomb of Anen (TT120), brother-in-law of the king Amenhotep III (1383-1345), “Shasu” is pictured as one of the 9 traditional enemies of Egypt from right to left (figure below): 1) S-n-g-3-r Shinar land; 2) Kš Kush land (Nubia); 3) N-h-r-ÿ-n Naharin people; 4) ’r-m Arame; 5) K-f-[ti-w] Keftiu (Philistia); 6) ’Iwnti- Sty Tent-dwellers of Nubia; 7) Tḥnw Tehenu land (Libya); 8) [Mn]tyw nw Stt Bedouin of Sinai; 9) Š3-sw Shasu (Bedouin of Retenu).

Accordingly, for Amenhotep III, the Shasu (Bedouins of Canaan) were considered as powerful as the tent-dwellers in Nubia or as the inhabitants of Shinar. The Egyptian word “Shasu” was used for every kind of Bedouin living in Canaan. For example, a list of toponyms enumerates: Pella-foreign land (p-ḥ-r ḫ3st), Shasu-foreign land (š3-sw-w ḫ3st), Qatna (qd-d-ÿ-n-3), Gezer (q-3-d-3-r). Egyptian texts and their topographical lists confirm the existence of a vast area inhabited by the Shasu (Negev, Gibson: 2006, 30-31,242-245,282-285), who were clothed as the Israelites of the Bible (Rainey: 2008, 51-55). In the temple of Amun at Soleb built by Amenhotep III (Leclant: 1980-1981, 474-475) a column, to the north of an Eastern portal (thus pointing towards Canaan), contains a short list of 4 names (Schiff Giorgini: 1998, 221). This abnormally short list is composed of at least 3 unknown names out of 4 (from left to right figure below). The translation of that list according to the conventional reading is as follows, if the names are those of gods or place names (Allen2: 2011, 350-354):
Translation (if names are gods)
1) Land of Shasu after Maat
2) Land of Shasu those of Yehua
3) Land of Shasu showing respect to Bel
4) Bait [house of] A[nat]
Translation (if names are place names)
Land of Shasu: Samata
Land of Shasu: Yahwe
Land of Shasu: Turbil/r
Beth A[nat]
The second translation, which supposes place names, is illogical for two reasons (Aling, Billington: 2009): Anat (Hebrew and Phoenician , ‘Anat; Ugaritic ‘nt) was a major northwest Semitic goddess (Jg 3:31), not a place name (Jg 1:33), and the three other “place names”: Samata, Yahwe and Turbil/r are absolutely unknown in the El-Amarna letters. In contrast, Maat (“truth/ harmony” in Egyptian) was a major goddess of Byblos, Yehowah was the Israelite God, Bel (Is 46:1) was the Babylonian Baal (“Lord”) and Anat (“Anu’s wife”) was a major Syrian god. So, the Egyptians distinguished among different kinds of Canaanite nomads (Shasu) by the chief god they worshiped.

Adicionado na linha do tempo:

Data:

Imagens: