Kamose (11 maio 1533 ano antes da era comum – 1 abr 1530 ano antes da era comum)

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EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY THROUGH ASTRONOMICALLY DATED SYNCHRONISMS by Gerard Gertoux

When Kamose died, Ahmose was about 5 years old, that is why his mother, Queen Ahhotep (Seqenenre’s wife), was his regent until the 20th year of his reign. One also notes that the counting of regnal years which were beginning on I Akhet 1 before Kamose, began from the date of accession after Kamose. Finally, an extremely rare event, the crescent shaped hieroglyph representing the moon was reversed down after Kamose. Consequently, all these changes prove that the death of Seqenenre Taa and Ahmose Sapaïr was a paramount event in Egyptian history.


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Moses and the Exodus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence by Gérard GERTOUX

Prince Kamose, Seqenenre Taa's brother, assured interim of authority for 3 years (1533-1530) and threatened to attack the former pharaoh Apopi, new prince of Retenu (Palestine). In the Stele of the Tempest he also blames Apopi for all the disasters that come to fall upon Egypt which caused many deaths.

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THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS. FAIRY TALE OR REAL HISTORY? by Gerard Gertoux

The career of Kamose is quite strange: he bore
three names of Horus, unique case for the 17th Dynasty (Grimal: 1988, 254); he is never mentioned as king of Upper and Lower Egypt in the documents not written by him; his coffin (opposite figure) was not gilded and was not equipped with the royal uraeus used as a
symbol of sovereignty, royalty, deity and divine
authority in ancient Egypt; Kamose does not appear on a fresco depicting the royal family of Seqenenre Taa (Dodson, Hilton: 2010, 122-126). However the genealogical reconstitution of Ahmose's family imposes several chronological synchronisms (Dessoudeix: 2008, 245-255).

Thus Seqenenre had one younger brother: Kamose (Ryholt: 1997, 309), 7 daughters (most named Ahmose), 2 sons: Ahmose (Sapaïr) and Ahmose I (junior). The age of Ahmose at his father's death (around 1 year) and the duration of Kamose's reign (approximately 3 years) are deduced from the mummy of Ahmose indicating a death at between 25 and 30 years old (Shaw, Nicholson: 1995, 18). Subtracting from this value the length of his reign: 25 years and 4 months and the 3 years minimum of Kamose’s reign, the calculation gives around 1 year (= 30 - [25 years + 4 months + 3 years]). During these 3 years, Ahmose was crown prince (replacing Ahmose Sapaïr) as the last son of Seqenenre and Kamose, as the younger brother of Seqenenre, was the regent of this new crown prince. This complex situation explains the following anomalies:
!On two rock-inscriptions at Arminna and Toshka in Nubia, the throne name and birth name of Kings Kamose and Ahmose, as well as the names of two princes, are inscribed together. In both inscriptions, the names of Ahmose follow directly below those of Kamose and each king is given the epithet di
‘nḫ “given life”, which was normally used of ruling kings. This indicates that both Kamose and Ahmose were ruling when these inscriptions were cut and consequently that they were coregents (Ryholt: 1997, 273-274).

! An axe in the name of the perfect god ❨NEB-PEHTY-RA❩, king ❨AHMOSE❩ represents him adult in the process of defeating the Hyksos.
This axe is often cited by Egyptologists as evidence of the war against the Hyksos. It should be noted that the warrior defeated by the king is indeed a Hyksos, because he wears two bands crossed on his chest, but the victorious king could not be Ahmose because he was around 5 years old at that time. In
addition, his birth name is not followed by the usual Egyptian expression “given life” for ruling kings because it was his mother Ahhotep who, as regent, was in charge of his kingship. Besides, this axe was found in the tomb of Queen Ahhotep not in the tomb of King Ahmose. Given that Kamose fought
against the Hyksos, he was represented as the victor of that “religious war”, which is symbolized by griffin Montu10 at the bottom of the axe, because the function of this god is described as being the sun god of warfare and protector of the gods. As a result the image on the axe is only a traditional representation of Pharaoh who symbolically conquered his (nine) enemies.

!In his biography the soldier Ahmes son of Abana describes his career under the King of Upper and Lower Egypt (nsw-bity), Seqenenre. He then describes his acts of bravery at the time of the Master of the Two Lands (nb t3wy) Ahmose, with the looting of Avaris, the siege and then the ransacking of Sharuhen in year 3 as in Kamose's stele (Habachi: 1972, 31-67), the only date of his account, then finally the crushing of a Nubian revolt. He states that he had the privilege of accompanying his (anonymous) Sovereign (ity) when he was travelling in his war chariot. As Ahmose was 5 years old when he began reigning, the (anonymous) Sovereign had to be Kamose.

! Although liberator of Egypt, having opposed the Hyksos and having defeated the Nubians, Kamose is not the 1st king of the 18th dynasty but Ahmose is.

!In the Buhen stele of Ahmes, Kamose is called “mighty ruler”, not “king of Upper and Lower Egypt”, and in the Buhen stele of Iy (Nubia) dated regnal year 3, III Shemu 10, the throne name of Senwosret I (KHEPER-KA-RA) took
place of Kamose's name11 (Redford: 1997, 4-5 n°12).

!The epithet “the great ruler (pa heqa a‘a)” is sometimes included in the second cartouche in place of the name Kamose (Ryholt: 1997, 400) and without the usual title “Royal (Ra‘ sa)” before his birth name. A practice which was still attested under his successor Ahmose. For example, one reads= —❨WADJ-KHEPER-RA❩—❨PA-HEQA-A‘A❩. On a scarab (above) there are 2 ostrich feathers, symbol of Atef crown12, above the throne name of Kamose: Atef crown ❨WADJ-KHEPER-RA❩, instead of the usual title nesu bity “King of Upper and Lower Egypt” (Petrie: 1917, pl XXIII).

!In Emhab's stele, at Edfu, describing the confrontation at Avaris, year 3 is anonymous (Kamose according to context) and there is a curious dualism between “god (pharaoh)” and “ruler (king)” concerning the king's title.

! In the stele of Kamose, at Buhen, the title of King of Upper and Lower Egypt is this time attributed to Kamose as in the stele of year 3.
!Kamose’s sarcophagus contains many wealthy objects with Ahmose's name. !In a royal chronology, appearing in a private document of the Third Intermediate Period, King Apopi is the immediate predecessor of King
Ahmose (Barbotin: 2008, 58-59)!

!From Ahmose, regnal years no longer start at I Akhet 1 but from the date of accession. This enigmatic change would last years until Amasis (569-526).

We can assume the following scenario: after a serious quarrel with Seqenenre (for an unknown reason), Apopi decided to leave for Retenu and evacuate the city of Avaris. Shortly afterwards, both the crown prince and pharaoh died suddenly. Kamose, Seqenenre's brother, was ordered to hand back the country and the young Ahmose was appointed as new crown prince to replace his older brother (Ahmose Sapaïr). Kamose thus acted as representative or senior regent of the young Ahmose. In the past, until the 5th dynasty, pharaohs were enthroned only with a Horus name. In time, the complete titulature had 5 names, but only 2 were actually used, the throne name and the birth name. The birth name aside, which did not change (except for some additional laudatory), other names could be changed to indicate a new political or religious program. For Kamose his 1st Horus name was “He who appears on his throne”, the 2nd “He who subdues the two Lands” and the 3rd “He who nourishes the two Lands”. These 3 names match his 3 years of reign (Vandersleyen: 1995, 195).

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