Taa Seqenenre (2 jan 1544 ano antes da era comum – 10 maio 1533 ano antes da era comum)

Descrição:

AJ Koehler: As Dr. Stephen C. Meyers describes so well in graphic form (see PDF's), most of the secular historical writers and most of the early church father historical writers mention Ahmose as the pharaoh of the Exodus. This makes sense for a couple reasons.

First, as was often the case with rulers, even today as a matter of pride and nationalism, Egyptian historians distorted the Exodus by claiming that Ahmose actually drove the Israelites out of the land, and thus subsequent historians would naturally equate Ahmose with the Exodus.

Second, as Gerard Gertoux notes, Ahmose is also known as Tethtmosis, which is another name associated with the Exodus pharaoh. "Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest, wrote (c. 280 BCE): When this people or shepherds (Hyksos) were gone out of Egypt to Jerusalem, Tethtmosis the king of Egypt, who drove them out, reigned afterward 25 years and 4 months [Ahmose], and then died (...) and then ejected them naked out of the country. It was also reported that the priest, who ordained their polity and their laws, was by birth of Heliopolis, and his name Osarsiph [Auserre-Apophi], from Osiris, who was the god of Heliopolis; but that when he was gone over to these people, his name was changed, and he was called Moses (Against Apion I:75-91, 237-266)."

Third, Ahmose was, in fact, the pharaoh during a majority of the time that the Israelites were in the wilderness for 40 years.

Also, both of Taa Seqenenre's sons are named Ahmose (Ahmose Sapair who died just before the Exodus, and Ahmose who was about 2 yo at the Exodus and thus had his mother Queen Ahhotep as regent until he was 20 yo)

Another name sometimes associated with an Exodus pharaoh is Amenhotep, and in fact, Amenhotep I was pharaoh during the last part of the Israelites time in the wilderness.

_____

Moses and the Exodus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence by Gérard GERTOUX

While the end of Seqenenre’s reign was marked by an extraordinary astronomical event: a total solar eclipse (10 May 1533 BCE), the beginning of his reign was also marked by another extraordinary astronomical event: a double helical rising of Sirius and Venus (17 July 1543 BCE in Thebes), an exceptional event which occurred every 243 years and which was depicted as a symbolic phoenix by Egyptian astronomers (it is noteworthy that the Horus name of Seqenenre was “The one which appeared in Thebes”).

Seqenenre Taa died in May 1533 BCE, after 11 years of reign, in dramatic and unclear circumstances. The state of his mummy proves, however, that his body received severe injuries and remained abandoned for several days before being mummified (Ps 136:15).

_____

DATING THE BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY by Gerard Gertoux

According to the biblical chronology, the (anonymous) pharaoh who confronted Moses died in 1533. The departure from Egypt, which began in Ramses city, is dated to 15/I (Numbers 33:3). As the arrival in the Wilderness of Sin is dated 15/II (Exodus 16:1) and the final confrontation took place near Pihahiroth (Exodus 14:9), midway between Rameses and the Wilderness of Sin, pharaoh's death should have occurred on 1/II, i.e. 9/10th May 1533. A later biblical text (Ezechiel 32:2,7,8, Psalms 136:15) mentions pharaoh's tragic death and links it with a solar eclipse: Son of man, lift up a dirge concerning Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and you must say to him, 'As a maned young lion of nations you have been silenced. And you have been like the marine monster in the seas (...). And when you get extinguished I will cover [the] heavens (...). All the luminaries of light in the heavens – I shall darken them on your account, and I will put darkness upon your land. This text alludes to the Pharaoh of the Exodus, because the expression “marine monster” always appoints this leader (Isaiah 51:9-10). The expression “All the luminaries of light in the heavens [sun and moon]” has probably a symbolic meaning, but could not be understood by Jews only if it had also a literal meaning. Since pharaoh was considered a god by Egyptians, the son of the sun-god Ra, the eclipse (and also the moonless night) should have impressed the people. The only total solar eclipse in this part of the world and at this time110 occurred on 9th May 1533. A total sun eclipse in a given area is very rare. Between -1500 and -100, for example, there were only 11 total eclipses on the territory of Israel during this period, that is to say on average every 120 years111. This eclipse of magnitude 1.08 (covering a strip of land 250 km wide) could be seen in Northern Egypt (at the level of Heracleopolis city) around 4.40 p.m. and lasted more than 6 minutes. The date of 1/II thus agrees perfectly with the eclipse date. The spring equinox fell on 3rd April 1533112; the following first crescent of the moon113 is dated to 10/11th April, and the first crescent of the following month is dated to 9/10th May. Egyptian chronology, which is based on sothic rises, also dates to May 1533 the violent death of pharaoh Seqenenre after confronting Apopi, the Hyksos king who went off to Palestine. The other pivotal date comes from the book of Acts where heavenly phenomena are mentioned in connection with Jesus' death: The sun will be turned into darkness and the moon into blood (Actes 2:20). Usually, the moon does look blood-red during a lunar eclipse (the more natural explanation for the above passage114). The only lunar eclipse which was visible from Jerusalem on a Friday between 30 and 33 C.E. was the one dated Friday 3rd April 33.

__________

Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities II:308-311,343-344

A thick darkness, without the least light, spread itself over the Egyptians, whereby their sight being obstructed, and their breathing hindered by the thickness of the air, they died miserably, and under a terror lest they should be swallowed up by the dark cloud. Besides this, when the darkness, after three days and as many nights, was dissipated, (...) But when God had signified, that with one plague he would compel the Egyptians to let Hebrews go, he commanded Moses to tell the people that they should have a sacrifice ready, and they should prepare themselves on the 10th day of the month Xanthicus, against the 14th, (which month is called by the Egyptians Pharmouthi, Nisan by the Hebrews; but the Macedonians call it Xanthicus,) and that he should carry the Hebrews with all they had (...) the whole Egyptian army was within it, the sea flowed to its own place, and came down with a torrent raised by storms of wind, and encompassed the Egyptians. Showers of rain also came down from the sky, and dreadful thunders and lightning, with flashes of fire. Thunderbolts also were darted upon them. Nor was there any thing which used to be sent by God upon men, as indications of his wrath, which did not happen at this time, for a dark and dismal night oppressed them. And thus did all these men perish, so that there was not one man left to be a messenger of this calamity to the rest of the Egyptians.

** Josephus gave some chronological details on this important event because he said that at the time Nisan corresponded to Pharmuti (Jewish Antiquities II:308-311,343-344). Indeed if 30 Nisan corresponded to 30 Pharmuti (30/VIII) the Egyptian date was 7 May in 1533 BCE. (THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS. FAIRY TALE OR REAL HISTORY? by Gerard Gertoux)

Adicionado na linha do tempo:

Data:

Imagens: