70 yr Desolation [Penalty for Land Sabbaths] From Temple Burning in Oct 587 BC to Worship Restarted Oct 517 BC (1 out 587 ano antes da era comum – 1 out 517 ano antes da era comum)

Descrição:

Egyptian chronology, 2838-342 BCE, through astronomically dated synchronisms and comparison with carbon-14 dating, by Gérard Gertoux

587: Destruction of the temple on the 10th day of the 5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 18th year according to Babylonian computation (Jr 52:12-13, 29).

517: End of the 70-year desolation period and of the exile (from Babylonia, but also from Assyria and Egypt); beginning of a new 50-year Jubilee cycle.
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Sarah wife of Abraham Fairy tale or real history? Outcome of the investigation
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A 70-year period of desolation (Dn 9:6), without worship at the Temple (Mt 24:15), began in October 587 BCE and ended in October 517 BCE when the worship at the Temple restarted after the 4th year of Darius I (Zk 7:1-7).
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A passage of the Chronicles explains that whereas the 70 years of slavery in Babylon ended at Cyrus time [in -538] , the main reason for the desolation (that was still lasting in Cyrus time) was the breaking of the sabbaths.
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DATING THE BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY by Gerard Gertoux

Destruction of the Temple dated 10/V/18 of Nebuchadnezzar (Jeremiah 52:12,13) according to the Babylonian reckoning (October 587 BCE). This "devastation of the temple" would last 70 years (Daniel 9:2).

...the "70 years of desolation", from 587 to 517, meaning that there would be no worship in the temple at Jerusalem. The exile of the people reached its utmost in 587, then strongly decreased in 537 (end of the exile in Babylon) and ended in 517 (return from Egypt and Assyria).

According to Leviticus 26:31-44: I shall indeed give Your cities to the sword and lay Your sanctuaries desolate (...). And I, for my part, will lay the land desolate (...). And You I shall scatter among the nations (...). At that time the land will pay off its sabbaths [during] all the days of its lying desolated, while You are in the land of Your enemies. At that time the land will keep sabbath, as it must repay its sabbaths. [During all] the days of its lying desolated it will keep sabbath, for the reason that it did not keep sabbath during Your sabbaths when You were dwelling upon it. (...) Yet I, for my part, proceeded to walk in opposition to them, and I had to bring them into the land of their enemies.

"'Perhaps at that time their uncircumcised heart will be humbled, and at that time they will pay off their error. And I shall indeed remember my covenant (...) and the land I shall remember. All the while the land was left abandoned by them and was paying off its sabbaths while it was lying desolated without them and they themselves were paying for their error (...). And yet for all this, while they continue in the land of their enemies, I shall certainly not reject them."

According to this text, the desolation period starts with the destruction of the city and of its sanctuary. The land and its temple must stay desolated for 70 years, and this period includes a time of humiliation or of deportation in an enemy country. The exile is included in the 70 years, but its length is not stipulated. It is linked to the desolation, but it differs from it.

The beginning of the exile at Babylon is dated to Jehoiachin's 1st year (Ezekiel 40:1), that is 11 years before the destruction of Jerusalem, and the last exile is dated to Nebuchadnezzar's 23rd year (Jeremiah 52:30), that is 4 years after the destruction of Jerusalem. However, the exile is at it maximum in 587, the year of the destruction of the temple (Jeremiah 52:28-30).

According to the adopted chronology, the exile at Babylon ended in the 50th year of a Jubilee [588 to 538]. This is what Josephus says: [Berosus] comes down to Nabolassar, who was king of Babylon, and of the Chaldeans. And when he was relating the acts of this king, he describes to us how he sent his son Nabuchodonosor against Egypt, and against our land, with a great army, upon his being informed that they had revolted from him; and how, by that means, he subdued them all, and set our temple that was at Jerusalem on fire; nay, and removed our people entirely out of their own country, and transferred them to Babylon; when it so happened that our city was desolate during the interval of seventy years, until the days of Cyrus king of Persia. (...) These [Berosus] accounts agree with the true histories in our books; for in them it is written that Nebuchadnezzar, in the eighteenth year of his reign, laid our temple desolate, and so it lay in that state of obscurity for 50 years (Against Apion I:131-132, 154).

Josephus makes a distinction between two periods: one [of slavery] of 70 years which starts at the end of Nabopolassar's reign and which ends at the beginning of Cyrus' reign, and another period of 50 years which starts at the destruction of the temple and ends with the liberation by Cyrus and his command to rebuild the temple (Ezra 1:1-2). Eusebius (Preparatio evangelica IX:40:11; X:9:3-5; X:10:3-6) also distinguishes between several periods: two periods of 70 years and another one lasting 50 years. There are the "70 years for Babylon" from 609 to 539 and the "70 years of desolation" when there was no cult rendered in the temple at Jerusalem from 587 to 537. Although Mordecai (Esther 2:6) was still called a son of the exile under Xerxes' reign around 470, the bulk of the exiles had gone back to Jerusalem between 537 and 517.

Zechariah's book throws some light on... the "70 years of desolation" which begin with the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple.

According to Zechariah 1:7, 12, 16: On the 24th day of the 11th month, that is, the month Shebat, in the 2nd year of Darius (...) the angel of Jehovah answered and said: "O Jehovah of armies, how long will you yourself not show mercy to Jerusalem and to the cities of Judah, whom you have denounced these 70 years? (...) I shall certainly return to Jerusalem with mercies. My own house will be built in her (...) and a measuring line itself will be stretched out over Jerusalem.

This message (dated to January/February 520) announced the near end of the 70 years of desolation and the oncoming completion of the temple and rebuilding of Jerusalem.

According to Zechariah 7:1-5: And it came to pass in the 4th year of king Darius, that the word of Jehovah came unto Zechariah in the 4th day of the 9th month, even in Chislev. (...) Should I weep in the 5th month, separating myself, as I have done these so many years?(...) Speak unto all the people of the land, and to the priests, saying, When ye fasted and mourned in the 5th and in the 7th month, even these 70 years, did ye at all fast unto me, even to me? (1901 American Standard Version).

The words "these 70 years" in Zechariah 7:5 are the same as in Zechariah 1:12. They may be
understood in two ways: "[in relation with] those 70 years", or "[during] those 70 years". The first meaning goes better with the context of Zechariah 1:12, the declaration being dated to Darius' 4th year [518], soon before the end of the 70-year desolation. Moreover, the fast of the 5th month that marked the destruction of the temple in 587 (beginning of the desolation) was still observed in 518, since we read: "Shall I weep in the fifth month?" and not "Had I to weep in the 5th month?" This 70-years span was to end with the liberation of the captives (end of the Jubilee) and with the rebuilding of the temple, an expression of God's mercy according to Jeremiah. The temple was inaugurated soon thereafter, in Darius' 6th year (Ezra 6:15-16).

The twofold period of 70 years is confirmed by a passage from Daniel. According to Daniel 9:1,2,17-24: In the 1st year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus of the seed of the Medes, (...) I myself, Daniel, discerned by the books the number of the years concerning which the word of Jehovah had occurred to Jeremiah the prophet, for fulfilling the devastations of Jerusalem, [namely,] 70 years. (...) And now listen, O our God, to the prayer of your servant and to his entreaties, and cause your face to shine upon your sanctuary that is desolated (...). Do open your eyes and see our desolated conditions and the city that has been called by your name. Let us say first that Darius the Mede is called Ugbaru in a Babylonian tablet102; he ruled over Babylon and appointed governors (Daniel 6:1) during the 5 last months of his reign and died at the end of his 1st year of reign, on the 11 Arahsammu (November 538). So, one year after the destruction of Babylon, Daniel explains that the 70 years would also be the length of the desolation (which was to end in 517, since the temple was destroyed in 587).

When we read "by reason of my house that is waste, while you are on the run, each one in behalf of his own house (Haggai 1:1,9)", text written in Darius' 2nd year, that is on 520, we may understand also that the temple was waste of worshippers, not of people.

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Zechariah 7:1 In the fourth year of King Darius, the word of the LORD came to Zechariah on the fourth day of the ninth month, which is Chislev. 2 Now the people of Bethel had sent Sharezer and Regem-melech and their men qto entreat the favor of the LORD, 3 saying to the priests of the house of the LORD of hosts and sthe prophets, “Should I weep and tabstain in uthe fifth month, as I have done for so many years?” 4 Then the word of the LORD of hosts came to me: 5 “Say to all the people of the land and the priests, ‘When you fasted and mourned in uthe fifth month and in vthe seventh, for these wseventy years, xwas it xfor me that you fasted? 6 yAnd when you eat and when you drink, do you not eat for yourselves and drink for yourselves? 7 zWere not these the words that the LORD proclaimed aby the former prophets, when Jerusalem was inhabited and prosperous, bwith her cities around her, and the bSouth and the blowland were inhabited?’”

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Jer 25:11-12 (There’ll be extinction throughout the whole land, And you’ll serve these nations for seventy years,As well as Babylon’s king.),

Jer 29:10 (After the seventy years On Babylon have been fulfilled, I’ll come visit you and do as I said… I’ll bring your people back to this place),

2 Chr 36:21-21 (And after that, he carried off everyone that was left to Babylon, where they served as slaves for him and his sons… until the Medes came along and fulfilled the words of Jehovah through JeremiAh, after the land had observed its Sabbaths. For during the seventy years that the land lay desolate, it was observing its Sabbaths.),

Dan 9:1-2 (Well, it was in the first year of Darius (of Xerxes), who was from the seed of the Medes and who ruled over the kingdom of the Chaldeans, that I (Daniel) came to understand the number of the years from the words that Jehovah had given to the Prophet JeremiAh; for he had prophesied that JeruSalem would lie desolate for seventy years.),

Zech 1:12 (O Jehovah of Armies;
How long will you fail to show mercy
On JeruSalem and the cities of Judah?
For, this is the seventieth year of Your rage.)

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