Solomon (1 fev 1017 ano antes da era comum – 1 out 977 ano antes da era comum)

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DATING THE BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY by Gerard Gertoux

Solomon rules for 40 years. A 480-year period that begins at the Exodus from Egypt
terminates in his 4th year of reign (1Kings 6:1; 11:42).

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Moses and the Exodus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence by Gérard GERTOUX

House-of-David (Tell Dan Stela)

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Kings David and Solomon Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence
Gérard GERTOUX

The city gates of Megiddo, Hazor, and Gezer were noted by Yigael Yadin as the illustration of a centralized, royal building operation attributable to Solomon at the beginning of 10th century BCE on archaeological grounds as well as on the basis of the biblical reference: Now this is the account of those conscripted for forced labour that King Solomon levied to build the house of Jehovah and his own house and the Mound (Millo) and the wall of Jerusalem and Hazor and Megiddo and Gezer (Pharaoh the king of Egypt himself had come up and then captured Gezer and burned it with fire, and the Canaanites dwelling in the city he had killed. So he gave it as a parting gift to his daughter, the wife of Solomon) And Solomon went on to build Gezer and Lower Beth-Horon (1Ki 9:15-17).

The existence of the six-
chamber gates at the entrance of each
city is unparalleled outside Israel and
requires a simultaneous construction34.
As these gates were restored by later
kings the dating of original buildings is
ambiguous, however because Hazor
and Megiddo belonged to northern
Israel (which became Samaria later)
while Gezer, Ashdod and Lachish
belonged to southern Israel (which
became Judea later) this simultaneity
in the building implies that it occurred
only when the kingdom of Israel was
united under Solomon’s reign.

The archaeological remains of the Temple of Solomon are as weak as those of the City of David and provide the same difficulties of dating. A 3,000-year-old defensive wall likely built by King Solomon has been unearthed in Jerusalem (2010) by Dr Eilat Mazar who led the dig for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem32. The 10th-century BCE wall is 70 meters long and about 6 meters tall. It stands along what was then the edge of Jerusalem — between the Temple Mount, still Jerusalem's paramount landmark, and the ancient City of David, today a modem-day Arab neighbourhood called Silwan. The stone barrier is part of a defensive complex that includes a gatehouse, an adjacent building, and a guard tower, which has been only partially excavated. A comparison of the latest finding with city walls and gates from the period of the First Temple, as well as pottery found at the site, enable one to postulate with a great degree of assurance that the wall that has been revealed is that which was built by King Solomon in Jerusalem in the 10th century BCE (photo below). Pottery shards discovered within the fill of the lowest floor of the royal building near the gatehouse also testify to the dating of the complex to the 10th century BCE.

Similarly, the kings of Tyre and Byblos were partners of King Solomon: Solomon's workmen and Hiram's workmen and the Giblites [Byblos workmen] cut and assembled the wood and stone for the building of the Temple (1Ki 5:32). This particular association is confirmed by the shape of the royal thrones. Indeed, the kings of Byblos used thrones of Egyptian inspiration (e.g. sphinx with lion paws such as the one of Tutankhamun), and this type of refined object influenced Solomon's workmen: The king also made a great ivory throne which he overlaid with refined gold. The throne had six steps, a back with a rounded top, and arms on each side of the seat; two lions stood beside the arms, and twelve lions stood on each side of the six steps. Nothing like it has ever been made in any other kingdom (1Ki 10:18-20). At this time the kings of Byblos were Ahiram (1020-1000) and Ithobaal (1000-980). It is worth comparing Ahiram's throne carved on his sarcophagus38 (below right) with Solomon's throne.

The principal side shows Ahiram seated on a throne, with his feet resting on a triple-staged footstool. The side of the throne consists of a winged sphinx, having the body and feet of a lion and the head of a woman. The bearded king is clothed in a long, sleeved robe and holds in his left hand a lotus blossom (an Egyptian symbol).

Archaeologists believe that this is a fortuitous coincidence. It looks like the throne of Solomon, it is at the time of Solomon, nearby the country of Solomon, but it is not the throne of Solomon. However the accurate dating in 1Kings 6:37-38 proves that the report writer was an eyewitness because thanks to the development of calendar systems used in Palestine it is possible to date some biblical events.

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