1 jan 673 ano antes da era comum - Prism B of Esarhaddon

Descrição:

THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS. FAIRY TALE OR REAL HISTORY? by Gerard Gertoux

...the Prism B of Esarhaddon18 is dated the eponym Atarilu, in 673 BCE, which corresponds exactly to the biblical dating.

The Prism B of Esarhaddon reads: I called up the kings of the country Hatti and (of the region) on the other side of the river (Euphrates): Ba’lu, king of Tyre, Manasseh (Me-na-si-i) king of Judah (Ia-ú-di), Qaushgabri, king of Edom, Musuri, king of Moab, Sil-Bel, king of Gaza, Metinti, kong of Ashkelon, Ikausu, king of Ekron, Milkiashapa, king of Byblos, Matanba’al, king of Arvad (...) together 22 kings of Hatti, the seashore and the islands; all these I sent out and made them transport under terrible difficulties, to Nineveh, the town (where I exercise) my rulership. The same events on the Rassam Cylinder are dated the 1st campaign of Aššurbanipal: In my 1st campaign I marched against Upper Egypt (Magan) and Ethiopia (Meluhha). Tirhakah (Tarqû), king of Egypt (Muṣur) and Nubia (Kûsu), whom Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, my own father, had defeated and in whose country he (Esarhaddon) had ruled (...) During my march (to Egypt) 22 kings from the seashore, the islands and the mainland: Ba’al, king of Tyre, Manasseh (Mi-in-si-e), king of Judah (Ia-ú-di), Qaushgabri, king of Edom (...) Tirhakah heard un Memphis of the defeat of his army (...) Tirhakah has been driven out of Egypt (...) They (the officers) arrested these kings and put their hands and feet in iron cuffs and fetters (...) Those kings who repeatedly schemed, they brought alive to me to Nineveh. From all of them, I had only mercy upon Necho and granted him life. I made (a treaty) with him (protected by) oaths which greatly surpassed (those of the former treaty) (...) In my 2nd campaign I marched directly against Egypt and Nubia (...) In my 3rd campaign I marched against Ba’il, king of Tyre. Given that the 1st campaign of Aššurbanipal (669-627) as King is dated 668, the events relate rather to during his 1st campaign as co-regent (in 673). —A cross-checking of all the documents concerning Aššurbanipal, Annals and Chronicles, shows that some have been modified. For example, an unknown son of Esarhaddon named Sin-nâdin-apli was appointed as crown prince in 674, then in 672 two others were appointed as crown princes respectively for Babylonia and Assyria: Šamaš-šum-ukîn, his eldest son, and Aššurbanipal. On the other hand Esarhaddon’s Chronicles show that the campaign against Egypt is clearly dated 3/VII/10 (October 671), which corresponds to the 1st year of Aššurbanipal as coregent, but dated the 2nd year in his annals (Upper Egypt is dated to his 1st year). This 1-year discrepancy is very troubling but could be explained by the fact that Sin-nâdin-apli “Sin has given the heir” and Aššur-bani-pli “Aššur has created the heir” were actually the same person. The former name represented the prince’s original name and the second the throne name (for example, the throne name of Esarhaddon name was Aššur-etel-ilâni- mukîn-apli but he never used it), which events could explain that Ashurbanipal was chosen twice, once in 674 as Crown Prince and again in 672 as Crown Prince (for Assyria only). Unfortunately Ashurbanipal's Chronicles for events of his Year 8 are broken at this location and his Year 9 was omitted. We just learned that Esarhaddon's first wife Ešarra-ḫamat died the 5/XII/8 (March 672) and there were seven substitute kings (a false king appointed to neutralize a bad omen) between 679 and 669. Clearly, the year 8 of Esarhaddon (in 672), when Manasseh was released, was damaging for the Assyrians but they did not give any reason. On the contrary Year 10 of Esarhaddon is better known because of the victory over Taharqa (in 671), commemorated on the Nahr El Kelb Stele, near Beirut. Lines 31-35 of the fragmentary inscription read as follows: Ashkelon ... which Taharqa to their fortress ... Tyre ... 22 kings ...

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