1 jan 3000 ano antes da era comum - City-States

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DID NIMROD BUILD THE TOWER OF BABEL ? by Gerard Gertoux

The archaeological study of the city of Habuba Kabira has profoundly changed the 'classical' view of the birth of a city-state, which is fundamentally different from a village. This study has shown the following points (Margueron: 2000, 53-71):

• The city-state results from a founding act, this creation is planned and results from a massive transfer of population, it is not a village which mutates towards an urban state. A small village may grow through natural increase or migration, but its growth is not planned by an administrative authority.
• The city-state protects itself by surrounding itself with a system of fortifications, especially its administrative buildings.
• The city-state processes raw materials which it brings from far away.
• The city-state is in a situation that allows it to trade, in fact it is the primary reason for its birth. Villages that want to participate in these exchanges depend on the administration of the city-state.
• The city-state is home to a hierarchical and organised population constituting an elite that oversees the administration.
• The city-state dominates a space, a territory of great extent, traversed by sea (the Euphrates for Mesopotamians, the Nile for Egyptians), requiring the use of a fleet of boats.

Therefore, one city-state controlled a vast network of villages (Castel: 2015) and could only trade with another city-state. This logical imperative imposes three chronological constraints: 1) Egyptian city-states came into being after Mesopotamian city- states, which are dated c. 3000 BCE; 2) Egyptian villages that traded appeared after Egyptian city- states; 3) Egyptian non-trading villages came into being after their predecessors (spontaneous generation does not exist)134.

According to the Egyptian king lists, the first two city-states of Egypt were Thinis, with its necropolis at Abydos (Umm El Qa'ab), and Memphis, with its necropolis at Saqqara, which has been confirmed by archaeological excavations.

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