1 jan 2940 ano antes da era comum - Qustul Incense Burner

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DID NIMROD BUILD THE TOWER OF BABEL ? by Gerard Gertoux

These predynastic kings who resided at Thinis, near the necropolis of Abydos..., ruled over the whole of Egypt by sailing on the Nile, with flat-bottomed boats of the Mesopotamian type, as Marduk did on the Euphrates to inspect the city-states of Mesopotamia. An engraving in Sinai depicts the predynastic king Iry-Hor next to a city called jnb(w) ḥd “White Walls”, the ancient name of Memphis. The absence of a temple under the king may indicate that he was visiting the king of Memphis in his palace (made of white walls). Another example of a representation of a predynastic king appears on an incense burner (below) found at Qustul in Lower Nubia and dating to Naqada IIIa1, or c. 3300 BCE (Michaux-Colombot: 2010, 359-370) but of 3200-3000 BCE in the museum of the Oriental Institute132. These date discrepancies are common among archaeologists, who are not shocked to cite carbon-14 measurements at +/- 50 years but different of 300 years, which is logically impossible. Secondly, if writing appears with the administration of the temples, how can it be explained that the Egyptian predynastic kings could appear before the oldest Mesopotamian temple, the White Temple dated around 3000 BCE, there is an obvious anachronism.

It is obvious that radiocarbon dating gives values that are exponentially overestimated from the First dynasty onwards. However, if the dates obtained by 14C dating are calibrated by those obtained by astronomy, all durations prior to 2600 BCE are exponentially compressed. This compression of the Egyptian chronology is consistent with the few historical data since the predynastic kings, who would have reigned for several hundred years according to 14C dating, reigned for only a few decades because they left only mortuary monuments and a few statuettes.

The Predynastic king (pdf) is shown wearing the crown of Upper Egypt while sailing in a flat- bottomed Mesopotamian boat, facing a serekh of King Hor and an eight-petalled rosette (nine with the stem). To the left of the picture there is a feline being transported in a flat-bottomed boat, to the right there is a kneeling prisoner also being transported in a flat-bottomed boat and to the far right there is the facade of a Mesopotamian Palace. The rosette does not correspond to any Egyptian hieroglyphs but appears on several cylinder seals of Priest-King133 and the arms of King Marduk are covered with eight-petalled rosettes.

These eight-petalled flowers clearly illustrate the agricultural prosperity brought by the Mesopotamian Priest-King, but without this context the symbol is incomprehensible to the illiterate Egyptians. As writing was not widespread, except in the administration, the symbols used on cylinder seals or engravings had to refer to a known context to be immediately recognised. The main symbol of the administration was the rectangular façade of the temple-city hall with its vertically notched walls and central door, a typically Mesopotamian symbol. All Mesopotamian temples built during the reign of Marduk have without exception this characteristic facade.

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