12 h 3 abr 33 ano - Crucifixion

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Herod the Great and Jesus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence
Gérard GERTOUX

Roman crucifixion is poorly known, it is different from the execution for blasphemy implying the stoning of the guilty then the hanging (not nailing) of his corpse to a piece of
wood (pole or tree) during one day for reasons of dishonour344. The Roman ordeal generally was to have carried a cross of wood, the patibulum, by the condemned to the place of execution where an execution stake, the stipes crucis345, was buried vertically. The condemned was then tied and nailed to the cross and he was hoisted on the pole, which formed a T (a vertical pole with a horizontal crossbeam). The title (titulus) being placed above the head of the (Roman) condemned. Did Jesus die on a cross? Several factors entitle to doubt of that (the current consensus on the shape of the cross is based solely on a late tradition)346. The execution of Jesus was not scheduled by Pilate, it was decided in the late morning [around 12:00] and applied immediately, which therefore did not leave time for installing the execution stake347. In these circumstances, Jesus had to bring the entire pole and not the crosspiece, which would also explain his difficulty in carrying it (he had been scourged, a cruel treatment that must have weakened him strongly, but the entire timber beam weighed around 100 kg, or approximately 70 kg by dragging it on the ground). According to Plutarch (46-125): the malefactor who is to be crucified carries his cross with his own body (On the delay of the divine justice §9) and according to Artemidorus of Daldis (110-180?): Because the cross is made of wood and nails like the ship and the mast of the ship looks like a cross (...) by dreaming of being crucified in a city, this heralds a magistracy that matches the place where the cross is erected (...) if the dreamer is a malefactor this means bearing the cross because the cross has analogy with death, and the one that must be nailed to the cross, first of all carries it (Oneirocritika II:53,56). As the Greek word stauros "cross" basically refers to a stake or a vertical pole348, the expression: "Crucify him" may linguistically be replaced by "Impale him" or "Put him on a [execution] stake". To further complicate things the shape of Roman crosses was very diverse349. The meaning of the Greek word stauros does not therefore illuminate the shape of ancient Latin crosses, moreover, the word "cross" comes from the Latin word crux "gibbet", which could also mean "shaft350". Evangelical authors (Ac 5:30; 10:39; 13:29, Gal 3:13; 1Pe 2:24) frequently use the word xylon "wood/ timber beam" (which does not have the shape of a cross!) for designating the "cross", confirming the meaning of "[execution] stake". Similarly, Justin (100-160) compared Christ's cross to the tree of life in the Garden of Eden, the staff of Moses, the rod of Jacob, the sceptre of Judah, the handle of Elisha's axe (Dialogue with Trypho §86), none of these comparisons evoking the shape of a cross.

Apparently there were no minutes of the trial, but Jesus was not a Roman citizen, the title (titulus) written by Pilate and summarizing the nature of the offence was sufficient to maintain a minimum of legality. The wording of the inscription was made in the three official languages of Judea. For example, the people of Jerusalem could read in Latin and Greek the edict condemning the entrance of the Temple under the death penalty (The Jewish War VI:125-126). The Hebrew language was the official language of Jewish religious authorities and the inscription could be read in Hebrew: Yeshu Hanozri Wumelek Hayehudim353, an acrostic of the divine name YHWH354, which had particularly upset the chief priests who had (ironically) condemned Jesus for blasphemy! The oral report of the trial was likely preserved by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, two respected members of the Sanhedrin and Christian supporters, as well as by the apostle John who was close to the high priest355 (Jn 18:16).

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