1 jan 1264 ano antes da era comum - ANCHOR HISTORICAL Yr 19 Ramses II = Yr 0 Kadašman Enlil II

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EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY THROUGH ASTRONOMICALLY DATED SYNCHRONISMS by Gerard Gertoux

The synchronism between Year 0 of Kadašman Enlil II and Year 19 of Ramses II derives from the sequence of the following events (Kitchen: 1985, 82-134; Desroches Noblecourt: 1996, 257-294,329-365):
1. To expand his empire, the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I engaged [in 1352 BCE] a process of conquest, which came at the expense of Mitanni and Amurru, a vassal kingdom of Egypt.
2. To reconquer Amurru, Ramses II attacked the Hittite king Muwatalli II. The Battle of Kadesh (dated III Shemu 9 Year 5, at the extreme end of year 5) is presented as a victory by Ramses, although he actually faced disaster because of over-optimism.
3. Ramses II 'took advantage' of Muwatalli II's death and of the accession of young king Urhi-Teshub [Muršili III] to launch a new conquest of Amurru. He temporarily conquered 18 cities (including Dapur and Tunip). This war is dated towards the end of year 8 (April/May) which implies placing the death of the Hittite king in the 1st half of year 8.
4. After 7 years of reign, Hattušili III expelled his nephew Urhi-Tešub who took refuge in Egypt. Hattušili III demanded his extradition by Ramses II, who refused it (Bryce: 2005, 261).
5. Fearing a possible coup fomented by Egypt hosting Urhi-Tešub, his rival, Hattušili III combined with Babylonian king Kadašman-Turgu to face Egypt. The epithets of Ramses on a stele at Beth-Shean, dated IV Peret 1 of his year 18 (2nd half of the year), have a strong military flavour and attest to the frenetic activity that prevailed in this region (Higginbotham: 2000, 31-34).
6. Having learned of the collapse of the kingdom of Mitanni, annexed by Assyrian king Shalmaneser I, Ramses II preferred to stabilize the volatile situation with Hittite king Hattušili III by a peace treaty, dated I Peret 21, year 21 of Ramses II (1st half of year 21).
7. A letter of Hattušili III sent to Babylonian king Kadašman-Enlil II to justify his shifting alliances (Beckman: 1999, 138-143), tells us that the latter's father, Kadašman-Turgu, had died shortly before the peace treaty of the year 21 (after the year 21, Hattušili III could appeal against the extradition clauses to be included in the treaty).

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