1 maio 525 ano antes da era comum - ANCHOR Historial Chambyses II defeats Egypt Olympiad 63.3

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A CLEAR DATING OF DARK AGES by Gerard Gertoux

According to the stele IM.4187 in the Louvre, an Apis bull was born at month 5, day 29, year 5 of Cambyses, died on month 9, day 4, year 4 of Darius I and was buried month 11, day 13, of the same year, covering a total period of 7 years 3 months and 5 days (reading 8 years less likely). This computation is consistent (between the month9, day 4, and the month 11, day 13, there are exactly 70 days for the period of embalming bull) gives the following dates in the Julian calendar: May 29, 525, August 31, 518 and November 8, 518 BCE. This stele proves that Cambyses reigned in Egypt from May 525 BCE because at the end of this month, an Apis bull is dedicated to him. Thus the conquest of Egypt had to be completed in early May 525 as the last text referring to Psammetichus III (below) is dated I Peret year 2 (May 525). That Psammetichus III was the son of Amasis is confirmed by the stele No. 309 of the Serapeum (Louvre). It is indeed Psammetichus III because one of the contracting parties cited in the text is still alive in the year 35 of
Darius I.

Ø According to Diodorus Siculus: After a reign of 55 years132 he [Amasis] ended his days at thetime when Cambyses, the king of the Persians, attacked Egypt, in the 3rd year of the 63rd Olympiad (Historical Library I:68:6). Thus Amasis died between July -526 and July -525.

Ø According to the Egyptian priest Manetho133: Cambyses, in the 5th year of his reign over the
Persians [in -525] became king of Egypt and led it for 3 years [from spring -525 to spring -522].

Ø According to Herodotus (around -450): On the death of Cyrus, Cambyses his son by Cassandane daughter of Pharnaspes took the kingdom (...) Amasis was the Egyptian king against whom Cambyses, son of Cyrus, made his expedition; and with him went an army composed of the many nations under his rule, among them being included both Ionic and Aeolic Greeks (...) One of the mercenaries of Amasis, a Halicarnassian, Phanes by name, a man of good judgment, and a brave warrior, dissatisfied for some reason or other with his master, deserted the service, and taking ship, fled to Cambyses, wishing to get speech with him (...) Psammenitus, son of Amasis, lay encamped at the mouth of the. Nile, called the Pelusiac, awaiting Cambyses. For Cambyses, when he went up against Egypt, found Amasis no longer in life: he had died after ruling Egypt 44 years, during all which time no great misfortune had befallen him (...) The Egyptians who fought in the battle, no sooner turned their backs upon the enemy, than they fled away in complete disorder to Memphis (...) 10 days after the fort had fallen, Cambyses resolved to try the spirit of Psammenitus, the Egyptian king, whose whole reign had been but 6 months (...) Psammenitus plotted evil, and received his reward accordingly. He was discovered to be stirring up revolt in Egypt, wherefore Cambyses, when his guilt clearly appeared, compelled him to drink bull’s blood, which presently caused his death. Such was the end of Psammenitus (The Histories II:1; III:1,4,10-16).

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