1 jan 1191 ano antes da era comum - Sea Peoples in Kingdom of Ugarit Gibala-Tell Tweini

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WIREs Clim Change 2015. doi: 10.1002/wcc.345
Drought and societal collapse
3200 years ago in the Eastern
Mediterranean: a review
David Kaniewski,1,2,3∗ Joël Guiot4 and Elise Van Campo1,2

In the kingdom of Ugarit, the Levantine harbor town Gibala-Tell Tweini has offered the first stratified radiocarbon-based archeology covering the crisis and the collapse. The conflagration level, termed Level 7a, was used to accurately date the destruction of the site, most probably (but not certainly) by Sea Peoples during their raids in the northern Levant. The local conflagration has been radiocarbon (14C) dated by secured short-lived samples (seeds and olive stones), giving a weighted average date of 2962 ± 14 14 C year BP (Figure 2) with a calibrated age range of 1215–1190 cal year BCE.17 The 14C range has been reduced by taking into account the letter from the Great Chancellor Bey (cuneiform tablet RS 86.223050,51) and the astronomical observation on the cuneiform tablet KTU 1.7852 (RS 12.061), both of which indicate that the city was not destroyed before 1192 BCE and cannot have survived after 1190 BCE. The radiocarbon date determination, with anchor points in ancient epigraphic-literary sources, Hittite-Levantine-Egyptian kings and astronomical observations, established an absolute age range of 1192–1190 BCE for the terminal destruction and cul- tural collapse in the northern Levant.17 The presence of a new population immediately after the destruction of the town is indicated by a new culture brought by foreign settlers on the Tell, namely the appearance of Aegean-type architecture, locally made Mycenaean IIIC Early pottery, hand-made burnished pottery, and Aegean-type loam-weights. These components, also identified in Philistine settlements,53 are cultural mark- ers of the new populations occupying the Tell, most probably (but not certainly) the Sea Peoples.

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