31 maio 1347 ano antes da era comum - Barack Kills Sisera

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Noah and the Deluge Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence
Gérard GERTOUX

Barak killed Sisera the chief of army of Jabin II in his 20th year of reign after the 40 years of Ehud. Sisera is mentioned in the El-Amarna letters just before the war of Apiru in southern Syria which is dated year 6 of Shuppiluliuma I.
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Jg 4:2-3, 22- 24

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MOSES AND THE EXODUS: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE by Gerard Gertoux

If Palestine played no role in the events at that time, the kingdom of Hazor was a notable exception. The venerable kingdom of Canaan was stuck between Mitanni to the northeast, Amurru to the northwest and Palestine to the south. The king of Hazor's death coincided with the appointment of Barak (in -1346), an Israelite judge from Kedesh (Tell Qades) who fought Jabin II who was killed at that time (Jg 4:1-24). Although Jabin is presented as king of Canaan, in practice, Sisera was controlling the north of Palestine (Israel). It is noteworthy that the south of Palestine (Judah) was at peace, consequently, this part of Canaan was a “no man’s land” for Egyptians’ chancery. The title “king of Canaan” was honorary548, it was already used at the time of the conquest of Joshua as is specified about Jabin I (1510-1490?): Jabin king of Hazor heard about this (...) Joshua then turned back and captured Hazor, putting its king to the sword. Hazor in olden days was the capital of all these kingdoms (Jos 11:1,10). Jabin II's death early in the conflict explains his absence among Amarna letters (except letter EA 227). This king was able to control the north of Palestine not because of a numerical superiority but thanks to the “900 war chariots of iron” (Jg 4:3; 5:8) belonging to Sisera, his general of army: They [the Israelites] chose new gods; then the cities of the rulers [mayors] fought; a shield could not be seen, nor lance, among 40,000 in Israel (Jg 5:8 LXX). Thus, after the disappearance of Sisera, as well as his army, the kingdom of Hazor no longer played a major role in Canaan. In addition, Barak’s choice to attack the powerful kingdom of Hazor and its commander-in-chief (Sisera) at the very moment when the Hittite empire triggered its attack against the Syrian kingdoms proved to be providential. Indeed, the military disorganization throughout the whole region of Canaan (under Egyptian control) allowed the Hebrews to prevail easily over their mighty oppressors.


In the Bible, the role of Sisera as prince of the army of Jabin II is paramount (Ps 83:9) as he is the only one to be cited (1Sa 12:9). The Hebrew word sar “prince/leader” is used instead of rosh “head/chief” (1Sa 15:17). This character must have been important because he was mentioned in a treaty of alliance (RS 19.68) between two kings of the region551: As from today, Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit, and Aziru, king of the Amurru, did between them (an agreement) by oath (...) If bunchs of Hapiru make raids in my country Aziru will fight against my enemy with chariots and soldiers. If there are troubles in my country Aziru will come to my rescue <with> his chariots and his troops. On the other hand, Sisaruwa (si-sa-ru-wa) is a subject of the king and the city of Uštanu is his residence (principality). If Sisaruwa behaves as an enemy to the king, Aziru will fight against Sisaruwa with his chariots and his troops. The Sisera (Sisara in the LXX) of this treaty between two important kings is the same as the one from the Bible for the following reasons: 1) Both have the same name (Si-sa-ru-wa in Babylonian552), which is extremely rare and unique in the whole Bible and also in the whole onomastic corpus553; 2) Both have exactly the same title: Prince and army general; 3) Both died in the same year: 1347 BCE (after Sisera's death his principality (Uštanu)554 was annexed to Siyannu555); 4) Both lived in the same place. Haroshet-ha-Goiim was the residence of Sisera (Jg 4:13), if this locality remains unknown up till now, this name means “Wooded place (1Sa 23:15) of nations”; “Wooded place in Lebanon (Ezk 31:3)”; “Forest of Lebanon (1Ki 7:2)”. The city of Uštanu was the residence of Sisera and was indeed situated south of Siyannu in Lebanon between Ugarit and Amurru.

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