1 jan 1532 ano antes da era comum - Rhind Papyrus COPY with Scribe Note

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Gertoux, Gérard. The Pharaoh of the Exodus Fairy tale or real history? Outcome of the Investigation.


The Papyrus Rhind briefly describes the fall of Avaris and the events that followed. This papyrus is a copy of a vast mathematical treatise written under Pharaoh Amenemhat III which is dated: IV Akhet, year 33 of King Apopi. Very surprisingly, a scribe added inside a blank a note which has nothing to do with mathematics and which reads as follow:

Year 11, II Shemu; we entered Heliopolis. I Akhet 23; the mighty dignitary of the South (Kamose) attacked Tjaru, [day] 25, we heard that we had entered Tjaru. Year 11, I Akhet 3-birth of Seth [3rd epagomenal day] his voice is given by the majesty of this god (he thundered). Birth of Isis [4th epagomenal day], the sky has made rain.

The scribe probably wanted to keep track of these memorable events, not hesitating to include them in a mathematical treatise of great value. Once again, anomalies are numerous: the fall of Avaris is not mentioned (!); Pharaoh's name is not quoted, only the Prince of the South (Kamose), regnal years were reckoned from I Akhet 1, so it should have been: Year 12 (not 11), I Akhet 3- birth of Seth. Forgetting the name of the Pharaoh seems inexplicable, since Pharaoh's name is specified in the year 33. As this anonymous pharaoh clearly belongs to the end of the Hyksos era, speculation about his identification were many: year 11 of Khamudy, Yeneses or Ahmose. In fact, the solution is easy: the pharaoh and his crown prince having died within a short time interval, there was nobody on the throne of Egypt during the evacuation of Avaris at this time. The scribe therefore wrote a posthumous Year 11 [of Seqenenre]. The powerful dignitary of the South who attacked Tjaru, modern Tell Hebua (Abd El- Maksoud: 2006, 1-43), a city in Hyksos territory, to regain control, is clearly Kamose (the word “mighty” is written with k3 “victorious bull” as in the name of Kamose k3-ms “fathered by victorious bull”). The note of the scribe is preceded by a supply contract where the account appears: 1/[...] living for ever. List of the food in Hebebti 2/[... his] brother, the steward Kamose [...] 3/ (Peet: 1923, 128-129). Consequently the note in the Papyrus Rhind can be understood as follows: probably shortly before the II Shemu year 11 of Seqenenre, the pharaoh and his son Crown Prince Ahmose Sapaïr, must have died shortly before the evacuation of Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos, which had to be a major trauma for the Egyptians; 1 month later the army of Prince Kamose (Seqenenre’s brother) entered Heliopolis, then 3 months later attacked Tjaru which fell in 2 days; 8 days later there was an impressive tempest from the birth of Seth (3rd epagomenal day), being seen as an evil day.

The fortress of Tjaru has been identified as Tell Hebua. The Pharaoh (not mentioned) who had disappeared was Taa Seqenenre (1543-1533). Accordingly, this Pharaoh had to have died just before the dramatic events described in the papyrus dated II Shemu 1 (1/X/11), that is I Shemu 1-30 (1- 30/IX/11).

The text of Ezekiel mentions the tragic end of a pharaoh and associates it with a cloudy sky and a solar eclipse (Ezk 32:2,7-8). This text targets the Pharaoh of the Exodus, the only one known for ending tragically (Ps 136:15), because the terms "crocodile dragon/ marine monster" always refer to this ruler (Is 51:9-10) as an avatar of the sliding snake, Leviathan (Is 27:1, Ezk 29:2-5, Ps 74:13-14) and not Apries, the Pharaoh of that time whose name is given (Jr 44:30). This process of assimilation between two rulers from different eras is to be found again with the king of Tyre who was assimilated to the original serpent in Eden (Ezk 28:12-14). The expression “All the luminaries of light in the heavens — I shall darken them on your account, and I will put darkness upon your land” has a symbolic meaning, but could be understood only if it had also a literal meaning (solar eclipse). The Pharaoh was considered a living god by the Egyptians, the son of Ra the sun god, thus the solar eclipse as a moonless night would have to have marked them. According to astronomy, the only total solar eclipse in this region during this period 1600-150024 was the one dated 10 May 1533 BCE, magnitude 1.08, which was visible in the North of Egypt over several cities such as Heliopolis (dedicated to sun worship), Memphis and Heracleopolis, at 16:4025. The place called Pi-hahiroth “mouth of the canal” (Akkadian) must have been located near the port of Suez (north of the Red Sea).

The date of the solar eclipse of 10 May 1533 BCE is a key date in Egyptian history, because it corresponds to the death of Seqenenre Taa, dated I Shemu in the papyrus Rhind (Egyptian secular calendar). It is also a key date in biblical history, because it corresponds to the death of the anonymous pharaoh (Ps 136:15) dated 1 Iyyar (Babylonian calendar) at the beginning of the Exodus. The death of Seqenenre generated one of the greatest upheavals in Egyptian history, because it marked the beginning of the “War of the Hyksos”, according to the interpretation of Egyptologists, or the beginning of the Exodus, according to the Bible.

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Moses and the Exodus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence by Gérard GERTOUX

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