1 jan 1499 ano antes da era comum - Fall of Babylon

Descrição:

DATING THE FALL OF BABYLON AND UR by Gerard Gertoux

The corrected duration of the reign of Muršili I (1510-1500 instead of 1600-1585), the Hittite king who overthrew the city of Babylon, is consistent with the date of 1499 BCE. The 14C dating of strata corresponding to the period of the Old Hittite Empire (1565-1510) gives well 1600-1500136 instead of 1670-1530 proposed by Freu, who also refuses dating the fall of Babylon in 1499 BCE because there would have been "too many" kings of Hana137 during the period 1600-1500 called «dark ages».

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One must know that the Middle Chronology is anchored on the fall of Babylon dated 1595 BCE, instead of 1499 BCE, by a majority of Assyriologists. This date, based on the Venus Tablet (astronomical tablet), is chosen mainly as it is consistent with the chronology accepted by most historians of the late 20th century, hence the name of Middle chronology. According to the Venus Tablet, there are only 4 possible dates for the fall of Babylon. This astronomical tablet (Enuma Anu Enlil 63), copied in 7th century BCE, describes the rising and setting of Venus during the reign of Ammisaduqa (a descendant of Hammurabi). Although the interpretation of this astronomical tablet is difficult, because much data appears to have been poorly copied, the fall of Babylon can be dated to the period 1500-1700 only according to 4 possibilities.

Two astronomical elements help eliminate the chronologies called Low, Middle and High:
-The many astronomical events described in the Venus tablet were observed 13 days (1549 BCE) after the date calculated with the Ultra-Low Chronology (in green) when they should have been observed prior to the calculated date with the other chronologies (in orange), which is impossible to explain26.
-Actually the best way for dating the fall of Babylon is to use a couple of well known lunar eclipses. A tablet of astronomical omens (Enuma Anu Enlil 20) mentions a lunar eclipse, dated 14 Siwanu, at the end of the reign of Šulgi (14/III/48) and another (Enuma Anu Enlil 21) mentions a lunar eclipse, dated 14 Addaru, at the end of the Ur III dynasty ending with the reign of Ibbi-Sin (14/XII/24). These two lunar eclipses were separated by 42 years of reign27. Over the period 2200-1850 there were only three couples of eclipses (P means partial), spaced by 42 years, matching the description of astronomical omens.

Consequently, the set of Assyrian reigns (which are without intercalation before Aššur-Dan I), combined with the construction length between temples, enable us to date precisely the death of Šamšî-Adad I in 1680 BCE, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi (1697-1654) and therefore those of Ibbi-Sîn (1936- 1912) and Ammisaduqa (1551-1530).

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