1 jan 1954 ano antes da era comum - War of Nine Kings, Chedorlaomer Slain by Abraham

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See Chedorlaomer


DATING THE FALL OF BABYLON AND UR by Gerard Gertoux

It is noteworthy that onomastics confirms the existence of such a name in the early second millennium BCE120. Kedor-Lagomer corresponds to the Akkadian Kudur-Lagarma121 which comes from the Elamite Kutir-Lagamar "bearer (servant) of Lagamar122" (Lagamar being an Elamite deity123). Thus, a powerful king of Elam would be associated with 3 other kings, 2 of Sumer and 1 of Gutium, to make reprisals against several wealthy cities of Transjordan, the latter ones having refused to pay their tribute124. The operation is described as a simple police operation, not as a war of conquest. Likewise, retaliation against Abraham's Mesopotamian kings is not presented as a war but as a night ambush to shoot down enemies (Gn 14:15-17). The text speaks of "slaughter125" and not of conquest, which involves the death of all these kings.

According to this reconstruction, Kudur-Lagamar would have intervened in
Transjordan in the last years of the reign of Šulgi. In addition, Abraham left his hometown of Ur (in 1963 BCE) 51 years prior to this City State collapseing (in 1912 BCE) due to Amorite and Elamite invasions126.
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Gertoux, Gérard. The Pharaoh of the Exodus Fairy tale or real history? Outcome of the Investigation.


When Abram arrived in Canaan he was 75 years old (Gn 12:4-5) and because Hagar was pregnant with Ishmael 10 years later (16:3-4), the War of Nine Kings (Gn 14:1-17), which occurred a year before, must be dated in 1954 BCE. During that war, Abram shot Chedorlaomer the king of Elam.
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Gertoux, Gérard. Sarah wife of Abraham Fairy tale or real history? Outcome of the Investigation.


Abraham's departure from his hometown of Ur and his arrival in Canaan are dated in 1963 BCE when Abraham was 75 years old (Gn 12:4-5). The revolt of Transjordan kings against Chedorlaomer occurs in the 13th year of his dominion (Gn 14:4). The following year Chedorlaomer was slaughtered by Abraham (Gn 14:5-17) and the following year, 10 years after their arrival in Canaan, Hagar was pregnant with Ishmael (Gn 16:3-4) who was born when Abraham was 86 years old (Gn 16:16). Ishmael was 13 when Abraham was 99 years old (Gn 17:1,24). Isaac was born when Abraham was 100 years old (Gn 21:5).

The wicked and criminal kings who are associated with Kudur-KUKUmal: Eri-e-Aku, Dur-ṣil-ilani son of Eri-e-Aku and Tudḫula son of Gazza[-] are unknown. However Eri-e-Aku could have been king of Larsa according the inscriptions of Kudur-Mabuk who was king21 Larsa for a year (1740 BCE). These kings attribute their kingship to the goddess Nanaya22, as kings of Ur III did (Sollberger, Kupper: 1971, 202-203). The Akkadian name Warad-Sîn, king (LUGAL) of Larsa, is written Eri-Aku (e-ri-a-ku) which is a transcription of the Sumerian name IR-AGA “servant of the lunar disc” (Pinches: 1902: 218-221) translated into Akkadian as (u)-ar-du-a-gû Warad-Agu, an equivalent of Warad-Sîn “servant of the Moon (god)”. Thus Eri-Aku could be the name of a former king (ENSI) of Larsa and by deduction Tudḫula son of Gazza[- ] would have been a king of Gutium. These kings are located in a period (1990- 1954) that has not been registered since the last known king (LUGAL) of Gutium is Tirigan (2032-2024) and the 1st king (ENSI) of Larsa is Naplanum (1931-1910).

Many scholars have sought to identify the kings mentioned in Genesis 14 with the names of known kings supposing a more or less exact transcription but this assumption is rarely checked. Hebrew transcriptions of names in the biblical text are in good agreement with their Akkadian transcriptions. This implies that the biblical author was likely Babylonian (Abraham was indeed a former Babylonian). Kedor-Lagomer corresponds to Kudur-Lagarma which is an Akkadian transcription of Kutir- Lagamal “bearer (servant) of Lagamal” (Zadok: 1984: 24-26).

Names appearing in Spartoli tablets were probably changed because they can be read (in Babylonian) as: Dur-ṣil-ilani “The rampart protection of the gods” son of Eri-e-Aku and Tud-ḫula “looter” son of Gazzu[-] “shorn[-]”. These names are likely of Sumerian origin35: Eri-e-Aku “servant of the temple of Aku [Moon-god]” and Tud-Gula “engendered by Gula [Lady of Health]”. Tid‘al’s name must probably be from a former “Tidgal” since the Hebrew letter ayn corresponds to an Akkadian “g”. The fourth name Amraphel (king of Shinar), which does not appear in Spartoli tablets, could come from the Akkadian Amru-âpilu(m)36 “saw [by] the diviner”. The matching between names in Genesis 14 and those from Spartoli tablets is relatively good. Ellasar could be a distorted name from “Larsa” and Goiim, gwym in Hebrew, is probably a deformation of “Gutium” written qù-ti-im in the inscription of King Erridupizir (2136-2130), which corresponds to gwtym in Hebrew. Some replaced “Goiim” by “Hittites”, instead of “nations” (LXX), but this is unlikely because the Hittites were already known at the time of Abraham (Gn 15:18-20) and consequently would have been mentioned. Furthermore, at that time (c. 2000 BCE), the Elamite Empire only had alliances with Mesopotamian kings in Akkad and Sumer, not with a distant Hittite king.

Likely there was a coalition of kings from Sumer, Larsa and Gutium united under Kutur-Lagamar, because all these kings were vassals or allies of the king of Elam, moreover, they came from neighbouring regions. However, their identification is much more difficult (Granerød: 2010, 112-115). Firstly, vocalization and interpretation of certain Sumerian-Akkadian names is far from easy37 (Di Vito: 1993, 16-17) because the transcription depended on the target language...Secondly some names are sometimes abbreviated (hypocoristic) what obscures their meaning.

Among the four kings of Genesis 14 the more difficult to identify is Amraphel because despite his being the first to be mentioned, he does not appear in the Spartoli tablets. Given that the king of Shinar (Sumer) was Shulgi (at that time), accordingly Amraphel was only “a king of Shinar” (among tens), but not “the king of Shinar”, furthermore, a king was the king of a city not the king of a land, except “great kings” (or “emperors”) like Shulgi, king of Ur, or Kudur-Lagamar, king of Awan. Consequently Amraphel was a Mesopotamian king whose city was ruled by Kudur-Lagamar. Given that the name of this city ruled by Amraphel is not given in the biblical text, it implies it was not as important as Ur, Uruk, Babylon, Larsa, etc., but on the other hand as Amraphel is cited first “in the days of Amraphel of Shinar” (Gn 14:1), we can suppose that he was well known at that time. It could have been a small city (like Girsu or Umma), but because Abraham could have known of it, we can suppose that the city was small but ancient and prestigious like Kish for example38.

According to the Bible Chedorlaomer, a powerful king of Elam, led a coalition of three other kings (vassals or allies), two from Sumer (Eri-aku and Amar-apil) and one from Gutium (Tud-gula), to make reprisals against cities of Transjordan, the latter having refused to pay their tributes (Pirot, Clamer: 1953, 247-256). The operation is described as a simple police operation and not a war of conquest43. Similarly, Abraham’s retaliation against the Mesopotamian kings is not presented as a war but as an ambush at night to kill enemies (Gn 14:15- 17). The biblical text speaks of a slaughter (LXX, Hb 7:1) and not a defeat44, which involves the death of most of these kings.

During the period 2000-1950 the two main actors in the Mesopotamian world were the kings of Ur III and the kings of Awan I. The power of these two empires depended on trade and therefore control of trade routes (Bancroft Hunt: 2004, 18-19). They earned money through vassal kings who levied customs duties on traders passing through their territories and had to pay to their “emperors” for ensuring their security (by means of military force). Šulgi (2002-1954) controlled the main part of the “route of tin” which ran from Susa to Ugarit (and Byblos) through his vassal kings in Syria (Mari, Ebla, Aleppo, Qatna) and Kudur-Lagamar (1990-1954) controlled the highway which ran from Eshnunna to Dilmun (via Susa and Ur) through his vassal kings of Gutium, Akkad and Šimaški. Shipping routes from Byblos47 and Ugarit were controlled by the Phoenicians who rented their services primarily to the Egyptians. In this context, the capture of the goddess Nanaya served to justify the westward expansionist projects of Kudur-Lagamar. Indeed, change in titularies confirm his new role of “king of Akkad”. Kudur-Lagamar probably wanted to create a new major trade route from Susa to Egypt in the same way that Sargon of Akkad (2243-2187) began a new era by opening a major commercial thoroughfare from Ur to Ugarit and Gebal (Byblos) which traded (by ship) with Egypt48.

The route taken by Abraham and that one followed by Chedorlaomer are in agreement with the major communication routes of the time (May, Day: 1993: 66-67). Furthermore the route for the return trip taken by Chedorlaomer is specifically described in the biblical text. The places passed through are: Kadesh-[barnea], the mountain of Seir, down to Elparan, which is at the wilderness, the Low Plain of Siddim (salt valley according to the Septuagint) and Ḥôbah, which is north to Damascus49 (Gn 14:6-8, 15). This road was known as the “King's Road”. The name Ḥobah is mentioned as an area north of Damascus in the Execration Texts (2000-1800), but its spelling fluctuates: Apu (’i-p-w-m) or Aupa’ (’i-w-p3-3) in hieroglyph (Ahituv: 1984, 193), Api or Ubi in syllabic cuneiform (El-Amarna letter 189) and Ḫbt in alphabetic cuneiform (Dussaud: 1935, 228). The Canaanite cities of Sharuhen (Tell el-’Ajjul?) which appeared later (c. 1750 BCE) and Kadesh-barnea (‘Ain Qadeis) marked the southern boundaries with Egypt (Jos 15:1-4; 19:6).

Chedorlaomer's route and the description of his actions show that this king came to this region near Egypt in order to maintain control over this new land trade route. The same way that main cities on the path from Ur to Ugarit or Byblos were vassals of Šulgi and paid him taxes, Chedorlaomer had made vassals some major cities on the King's Road. The revolt which occurred in the 13th year of his rule was likely caused by an excessive withdrawal. During this year (1955 BCE) Šulgi's archives report an exceptional booty that the king got from Elam50. Chedorlaomer's trip was therefore a police operation to force rebel kings to pay, but as they refused their cities were looted.

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