1 jan 870 ano antes da era comum - *ANCHOR* Founding of Carthage (7th yr of Pygmalion)

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Dating the foundation of Carthage by Gerard GERTOUX

Archeological dating of stratigraphic layers of Carthage, show a fifth deepest layer (Tanit 0), at the Hill of Byrsa, that dates to 900-750 BC (dated by using names of well-known people [like kings], types of potteries, carbon dating, and paleographic inscriptions)

Burial urns "in Almuñecar... are adorned with inscriptions and emblems of the pharaohs of the 22nd dynasty, such as Osorkon II (909-865), Takelot II (865-840) and Shoshenq III (840-800). It is interesting to notice that the oldest urn of alabaster (... picture) is dated before 865 BCE11, according the name of the pharaoh."

"Since the oldest Phoenician level [in the earliest Phoenician colonies] is dated 865 BCE +/- 30, the founding of Carthage must be dated the same."

"To sum up, the founding of Carthage was situated, thanks to some dated synchronisms, when:

*after -884: the Greeks arrived in Sicily, three centuries after the Trojan War (in -1184), according to Thucydides (The Peloponnesian War VI:2).
*around -876: Lycurgus lived, according to Velleius Paterculus (Roman History I:6) and legislated 100 years before the Olympics, according to Tatian (Discourses to Greeks XLI).
*before-860:the Phoenicians settled on the Mediterranean coast, 5 generations before the Greek colonization (which started around -700), according to Herodotus (The Histories II:44; V:46; VI:47), who stated that 3 generations equal 100 years (The Histories II:142).
*before -850:Phoenicians occupied Libya before Homer died, according to Strabo (Geography III:2:14). Homer lived 400 years before Herodotus (The Histories IV:53).

The dates of the founding of Carthage which come from synchronisms are within a fairly narrow margin: 867 BCE +/- 17. This small difference proves that these historians were aware approximately when this event occurred."

"The exact title borne by Menander's lost work is not made clear by Josephus... Menander of Ephesus [circa 200 BC] was probably the only historian who consulted the archives of Tyre (Herodotus just asked some priests)... Josephus’s citations of Menander contain references to Shalmaneser (V), Sennacherib, and Esarhaddon, kings of Assyria that are well known both from Biblical texts and also from numerous Assyrian inscriptions. More important, however, for the question of the historicity of Menander's texts is his mention of kings who were not so famous, especially those for whom there had been no evidence outside Menander until fairly recent times. Against Apion I:18 also mentions Pygmalion as a ruler of Tyre, relating that his sister Dido (Queen of Carthage) fled from him in his 7th year, 155 years after the beginning of the reign of Hiram I... These inscriptional evidences for lesser-known kings not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible have therefore been taken as lending credence to Menander’s writings. For each of them, the time frame that Menander assigns to them is in agreement with the time assigned to their inscriptional evidence by modern historians."

"Detailed quotations of Josephus thus allow the establishment of a chronology of the kings of Tyre (Against Apion I:106-127; Jewish Antiquities VIII:141-149, 316-324). He gives the age and length of reign for all kings, from Hiram to Pygmalion, indicating that a 143 years period separated the foundation of the Temple, in the 12th year of Hiram, and the founding of Carthage, in the 7th year of Pygmalion." (Also from Kings David and Solomon Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence
Gérard GERTOUX)

Josephus, quoting the record of the Phoenicians, says, “Therein it was recorded, that the temple was built by King Solomon at Jerusalem, one hundred forty-three years and eight months, before the Tyrians built Carthage: and in their annals the building of our temple is related. For Hirom the King of Tyre was the friend of Solomon our King.”

"The date 814 BCE given by Timaeus is thus highly objectionable since the historical data of this historian are not very reliable and not based on any serious benchmark. In fact, before the first Olympiad (in 776 BCE) historians had no timetable yet for dating events." "In addition, the date of 814 BCE is not based on historical synchronism."

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