26 jan 1 ano antes da era comum - Herod Dies About Age 70

Descrição:

Yet Another Eclipse for Herod by John P. Pratt,
Reprinted from the Planetarian , vol. 19, no. 4, Dec. 1990, pp. 8-14.

A.D. 1 Explains All Historical Evidence.
Evidence for 1 B.C. The proposed date of A.D. 1 fits all of the evidence indicating Herod's death was about 1 B.C. It allows Christ to have been born during the census begun in Judea in 2 B.C. and hence to be about 30 in A.D. 29, both in agreement with Luke's account. It also allows an ample three months for all the events that would not fit into one month in 4 B.C. Moreover, it fits the arguments Martin has made concerning the second governorship of Varus, uprisings in the Roman empire in the east beginning in 1 B.C., and the awarding of an imperial acclamation in A.D. 1 or 2 [18], because all of those events would fit well in either A.D. 1 or 1 B.C.
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Herod the Great and Jesus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence
Gérard GERTOUX

The ancient Roll of fasts (Megillat Taanit 23a) says: On Shebat 2 a feast-day, no mourning. On Shebat 2 is January 26 in 1 BCE. The Scholion of Megillat Taanit speaks of the death of Herod in three versions, at Kislew 7 (Oxford, hybrid text) or at Shebat 2 (Parma), which agrees with the date of the Roll of fasts. Kislew 7 is linked with King Alexander Jannaeus's death, in addition the king died when returning from a military campaign, at the end of autumn (Jewish War I:105).

A remark of Josephus allows one to restrict the death of Herod to a period going until the end of January/early February. According to Josephus, Herod ate an apple just before dying (Jewish Antiquities XVII:183). However, as the apples of that time were harvested in late August and as the shelf life of an apple is 5 months it was possible to eat apples only until the end of January of the next year (if Herod died in March he would have eaten, just before dying, a rotten apple, unless one supposes a miraculous preservation for 7 months, which is impossible according to the agronomic engineers of INRA Bordeaux).

The fruit mentioned by Josephus is an apple, as indicated by critical editions of the text of Josephus, not an orange as postulated by some "relentless" defenders of a death in March 4 BCE. Indeed, apples were known in Palestine from Antiquity (Ct 2:3,5; 7:8, Pr 25:11,Jl1:12) and were fairly common since some cities bore the name ‘Apple’ (ַתּפּוַּח in Hebrew) or ‘Apple's House’ (Jos 12:17; 15:34,53; 16:8, 17:8).

Lemons (κιτριον) were also known in Palestine and Josephus mentions them (Jewish Antiquities XIII:372). He states that Herod used to peel himself the fruit and cut it into small pieces in order to eat it (a normal way of eating rather than separating quarters by hand for an orange). Herod had stored in his fortress of Massada many foodstuffs (Jewish War VII:295-303). Excavations of this fortress have confirmed reports of Josephus41. In it was found 13 jars of Italian wines from various vintages bearing in ink inscribed Latin: date of shipping, recipient's name Regi Herodi Judaico as well as wine quality and sometimes the name of the vineyard. The jar bearing the Latin inscription mal(a) cum(ana) "apples of Cumae" confirms that Herod enjoyed apples42 very much. The fruit eaten by Herod could not have been an orange, because bitter orange (also called bigarade) appeared around the Mediterranean only from 2nd century CE. Sophist Athenaeus designated ‘orange’ under the term ‘apple of the Hesperides’ to distinguish it from the ordinary apple: As for me, dear friends, I hold in greatest esteem the apples sold in Rome and called Matian, which are said to come from a village situated in the Alps, near Aquileia. Not much inferior to these are the apples of Gangra, a city of Paphlagonia. That Dionysus is also the discoverer of the apple is attested by Theocritus of Syracuse, in words something like these: Storing the apples of Dionysus in the folds at my bosom, and wearing on my head white poplar, sacred bough of Heracles. And Neoptolemus the Parian, in the Dionysiad, records on his own authority that apples as well as all other fruits were discovered by Dionysus. As for the epimelis, that is a name given to a kind of pear, according to Pamphilus. Apples of the Hesperides is a term recorded by Timachidas in the fourth book of his Banquets. And Pamphilus says that in Lacedaemon these are placed on the tables of the gods; fragrant they are, and also not good to eat, and they are called apples of the Hesperides. Aristocrates, to cite another example, in the fourth book of his Spartan History speaks of "apples, too, and apple-trees called Hesperid (...) Diphilus of Siphnos, in his work on Food for the Invalid and the Healthy, says: The so-called Persian apples (by some also called Persian plums) are fairly good in flavour and more nourishing than apples. Phylotimus, in the third book of his work on Food, says that the Persian apple is rather fatty and mealy, also rather spongy, and when put in a press gives out a very large quantity of oil. Aristophanes the grammarian, in the Laconian Glossary, says that the Lacedaemonians call plums: Persian sour apples, being what others call adrya (Deipnosophistae III:82-83). Bitter oranges were not consumable (unlike sweet oranges) as shown by Athenaeus, it was only used at his time as condiment (as now). Sweet orange appeared only from 15th century CE43 outside China, thus its presence at the time of Herod was not possible.

The Jewish tradition places the death of Herod on 2 Shebat, which corresponds to January 26 in 1 BCE.

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