1 jan 3170 ano antes da era comum - Flood

Descrição:

Egyptian chronology, 2838-342 BCE, through astronomically dated synchronisms and comparison with carbon-14 dating, by Gérard Gertoux

3170 BCE. After the Deluge the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat (Gn 8:4). After this incident, and probably because the climate became cooler due to the elevation of mountains (Ps 104:8), Noah's family moved to the east (Gn 11:1-2). Berosus (c.330-260), who was well acquainted with ancient Sumerian traditions because of his position as a Babylonian priest of Marduk temple, wrote a historical account very close to the biblical account.

_____

Gertoux, Gérard. A Dating of the Deluge is it Attainable?

According to the biblical account, the earth was surrounded by a vault of water before the Deluge (perhaps in the stratopause where the temperature is at present around 0°C), or water has the remarkable property of stopping neutrons very effectively since a screen of 23 mm thick stops 90% of neutrons (and a screen of 46 mm thick stops 99%), as demonstrated by nuclear pools. If there was water, 14C production could not take place, that would explain the decrease in 14C before -1000 (decreasing up to 0).

The only unusual detail agreeing with the biblical flood in Egyptian mythology, describing the emergence of a world from primeval waters, is the "ogdoad" describing the initial reign of eight gods over world formation. This myth is similar to the story of Noah with his three sons and their wives (Genesis 9:18-19, 1 Peter 3:20). The curious detail of "eight characters from the water" is also found in the ancient Chinese civilization (the oldest chinese characters are dated around -1300). In fact, the Chinese character for the word "boat", appearing in some scripts of the Western Zhou63 (1000-770), is composed of three characters meaning literally "eight mouths [people of the same family] in a vessel"

For historians (scientific) truth can be established if it meets the following criteria (necessary and sufficient):
1. Historical records exist and can been used locating place and dating time.
2. Chronological and geographical data have been successfully transmitted.
3. Chronological and geographical data of the document are not contradicted by another document more reliable.
4. The data mentioned in the document do not violate the laws of physics.

1. According to the first criterion, the deluge took place on the earth (since birds entered into the ark, otherwise they would fly just a few hundred miles if the flood was local) and in year 600 of Ziusudra, long before Gilgamesh who was king of Uruk around 2400 BCE (Sumerian list), or in year 600 of Noah (biblical text), long before Abraham who was a leading figure of Ur around 2000 BCE.
2. The second criterion is less well satisfied because chronological and genealogical data were transmitted with a few changes or errors (common for older documents). According to the royal lists the Deluge took place around 3000 BCE +/- 200 (depending on variants and corrections) and according to the biblical text it took place around 3170 BCE (Greek text of the Septuagint) or around 2350 BCE (Hebrew text from the Masoretes). The disagreement between the biblical document in Greek (set around 280 BCE) and the one in Hebrew (set around 90 CE) shows that there was a transmission problem. Howener, a careful examination shows that the figures of the Septuagint for the Antediluvian Patriarchs were properly transmitted. Historical records which are apparently aberrant should not be dismissed without this preliminary review.
3. Biblical chronology has several data considered outliers because they are impossible according to current statistical data. This review is simplistic because it confuses longevity (maximum lifespan) and life expectancy (average lifespan) and assumes that these values are universal constants which is obviously false. Indeed, these "impossible ages" are only extrapolated values based on current statistics (the mortality rate reaches 100% for an age of 133 years for men and 138 years for women)135, moreover, they do not explain why longevity is different 1) between men and women (more than 5 years apart), 2) between countries (up to a factor 7)136 and 3) increases with time (0.16% per year).
4. As to the present situation, it is said that: there is ten times as much water by volume in the ocean as there is land above sea level. Dump all this land evenly into the sea, and water would cover the entire earth, one and one-half miles [2,400 m.] deep (National Geographic, January 1945, p. 105). With the sudden opening of the ‘springs of the watery deep’ and "the floodgates of the heavens," untold billions of tons of water deluged the earth (Genesis 7:11). This may have caused tremendous changes in earth's surface. The earth's crust is relatively thin (estimated at between 30 km and 160 km thick), stretched over a rather plastic mass thousands of kilometers in diameter. Hence, under the added weight of the water, there was likely a great shifting in the crust. In time new mountains evidently were thrust upward, old mountains rose to new heights, shallow sea basins were deepened, and new shorelines were established, with the result that now about 70 percent of the surface is covered with water. This shifting in the earth's crust may account for many geologic phenomena, such as the raising of old coastlines to new heights. It has been estimated by some that water pressures alone were equal to "2 tons per square inch", sufficient to fossilize fauna and flora quickly.

Periods

Period from the creation of man to the deluge. According to Sumerian King lists there were 10
kings before the flood who each reigned on average 700 years (list C), the 10th, Ziusudra, having reigned 600 years. According to the Bible there were 10 characters before the flood who lived 800 years on average (Genesis 5:1-32), the 10th, Noah, having lived 600 years (Genesis 7:6). This period lasted approximately 2500 years according to the Great Babylonian Genesis: When the gods made man (...) They did count their years of task: [two thousand] and five hundred years and more (...) When Enlil had heard their rumor, he addressed the great gods: The rumor of human beings became too strong, I can no longer sleep with that racket! So cut them food supplies148. According to the Bible, this first period lasted about 2250 years.

Period from the deluge to the first kingdom. Reigns duration over the period 2800-2500 was multiplied by 60, likely due to the fact that the invention of cuneiform writing (instead of pictographic writing) is attributed to En-merkar (c. -2500). Babylonian scribes (deliberately?) mistook the signs for units and tens (base 60), which were identical. This error was consistent with their knowledge of the past because according to a Sumerian text (c. -2100): When the flood had swept everything away and caused the ruin of the land, ensured however, remained permanently men and preserved their offspring: the black-heads [Sumerians] could resurface from their clay. But when An and Enlil had again called into existence the men, if they instituted the Government, the Monarchy jewel of cities, they did not set it down here on earth! To the disappeared crowd of humanity successors they did not put more in place, by (?) Ningirsu, spade or hoe, or bassinet, or plow, which animate the earth! In those days the, men had for 100 years, and when they reached their old age, they still had for 100 years! But, unable to perform the work required, their number was greatly reduced [...] In his time, there was not yet writing (Journal of Cuneiform Studies XXI p. 279 s.). According to this text, men after the Flood and prior to Sumerian kingship were all bicentenary. Biblical life spans decreases gradually from 600 years to 300 years over the period 3170-2500.

_____

Berosus

After the death of Ardates, his son Xisuthros (Ziusudra) reigned 18 sari. In his time happened a great deluge; the history of which is thus described. The deity Cronos appeared to him in a vision and warned him that upon the 15th day of the month Dæsius (Ayyar) there would be a flood, by which mankind would be destroyed. He therefore enjoined him to write a history of the beginning, procedure, and conclusion of all things, and to bury it in the city of the Sun at Sippara; and to build a vessel and take with him into it his friends and relations; and to convey on board everything necessary to sustain life, together with all the different animals, both birds and quadrupeds, and trust himself fearlessly to the deep. Having asked the Deity whither he was to sail, he was answered, 'To the Gods;' upon which he offered up a prayer for the good of mankind. He then obeyed the divine admonition and built a vessel 5 stadia in length (5 x 157 m), and 2 in breadth (2 x 157 m). Into this he put everything which he had prepared, and last of all conveyed into it his wife, his children, and his friends. After the flood had been upon the earth, and was in time abated, Xisuthros sent out birds from the vessel; which not finding any food, nor any place whereupon they might rest their feet, returned to him again. After an interval of some days, he sent them forth a second time; and they now returned with their feet tinged with mud. He made a trial a third time with these birds; but they returned to him no more: from whence he judged that the surface of the earth had appeared above the waters. He therefore made an opening in the vessel, and upon looking out found that it was stranded upon the side of some mountain; upon which he immediately quitted it with his wife, his daughter, and the pilot. Xisuthros then paid his adoration to the earth: and, having constructed an altar, offered sacrifices to the gods, and, with those who had come out of the vessel with him, disappeared. They, who remained within, finding that their companions did not return, quitted the vessel with many lamentations, and called continually on the name of Xisuthros. Him they saw no ore; but they could distinguish his voice in the air and could hear him admonish them to pay due regard to religion; and likewise informed them that it was upon account of his piety that he was translated to live with the gods, that his wife and daughter and the pilot had obtained the same honour. To this he added that they should return to Babylonia, and, as it was ordained, search for the writings at Sippara, which they were to make known to all mankind; moreover, that the place wherein they then were was the land of Armenia (Ararat). The rest having heard these words offered sacrifices to the gods, and, taking a circuit, journeyed towards Babylonia. The vessel being thus stranded in Armenia, some part of it yet remains in the Corcyræan mountains of Armenia, and the people scrape off the bitumen with which it had been outwardly coated, and make use of it by way of an alexipharmic and amulet (Jacoby, FHG III C, pp. 378-382).

Adicionado na linha do tempo:

Data: