25 abr 1533 ano antes da era comum - Exodus

Descrição:

Brownonne, Charlie. The Merneptah Stela

A look at all the archaeological evidence shows that the best fit of the data is to identify the Exodus with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt around 1570-50 BC

_____

Egyptian chronology, 2838-342 BCE, through astronomically dated synchronisms and comparison with carbon-14 dating, by Gérard Gertoux

Exodus from Egypt and start of 40-year wandering in the wilderness... before entering Canaan (Ex 16:35).

_____

Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities II:308-311,343-344

A thick darkness, without the least light, spread itself over the Egyptians, whereby their sight being obstructed, and their breathing hindered by the thickness of the air, they died miserably, and under a terror lest they should be swallowed up by the dark cloud. Besides this, when the darkness, after three days and as many nights, was dissipated, (...) But when God had signified, that with one plague he would compel the Egyptians to let Hebrews go, he commanded Moses to tell the people that they should have a sacrifice ready, and they should prepare themselves on the 10th day of the month Xanthicus, against the 14th, (which month is called by the Egyptians Pharmouthi, Nisan by the Hebrews; but the Macedonians call it Xanthicus,) and that he should carry the Hebrews with all they had (...) the whole Egyptian army was within it, the sea flowed to its own place, and came down with a torrent raised by storms of wind, and encompassed the Egyptians. Showers of rain also came down from the sky, and dreadful thunders and lightning, with flashes of fire. Thunderbolts also were darted upon them. Nor was there any thing which used to be sent by God upon men, as indications of his wrath, which did not happen at this time, for a dark and dismal night oppressed them. And thus did all these men perish, so that there was not one man left to be a messenger of this calamity to the rest of the Egyptians.

** Josephus gave some chronological details on this important event because he said that at the time Nisan corresponded to Pharmuti (Jewish Antiquities II:308-311,343-344). Indeed if 30 Nisan corresponded to 30 Pharmuti (30/VIII) the Egyptian date was 7 May in 1533 BCE. (THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS. FAIRY TALE OR REAL HISTORY? by Gerard Gertoux)

_____

THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS. FAIRY TALE OR REAL HISTORY? by Gerard Gertoux

Chronological information from the biblical text (the death of Pharaoh dated May 10, 1533 BCE), from Josephus (14 Nisan = 14 Pharmouthi around 1530 BCE), from the Rhind papyrus (Avaris evacuated during I Shemu 1533 BCE) and from astronomy (total solar eclipse on May 10, 1533 BCE) coincide remarkably well. The chronological information given by Josephus was not got by chance because such a coincidence occurs only every 1460 years (= 365x4). For example in 1250 BCE: 14 Pharmouthi (IV Peret 14) = 10 February and 14 Nisan = 16 April.

The total solar eclipse on 15/II was merged with the violent storm that occurred at the same time: The waters have seen you, O God, the waters have seen you; they began to be in severe pains. Also, the watery deeps began to be agitated. The clouds have thunderously poured down water; A sound the cloudy skies have given forth. Also, your own arrows proceeded to go here and there. The sound of your thunder was like chariot wheels; Lightnings have lighted up the productive land; The earth became agitated and began to rock. Through the sea your way was, and your path was through many waters; And your very footprints have not come to be known. You have led your people just like a flock, by the hand of Moses and Aaron (Ps 77:17-20). The text of Ezekiel mentions the tragic end of a pharaoh and associates it with a cloudy sky and a solar eclipse: Son of man, lift up a dirge concerning Pharaoh the king of Egypt, and you must say to him: As a maned young lion of nations you have been silenced. And you have been like the marine monster in the seas [crocodile], and you kept gushing in your rivers and kept muddying the waters with your feet and fouling their rivers (...) And when you get extinguished I will cover [the] heavens and darken their stars. As for [the] sun, with clouds I shall cover it, and [the] moon itself will not let its light shine. All the luminaries of light in the heavens —I shall darken them on your account, and I will put darkness upon your land (Ezk 32:2, 7-8). This text targets the Pharaoh of the Exodus, the only one known for ending tragically (Ps 136:15), because the terms "crocodile dragon/ marine monster" always refer to this ruder (Is 51:9-10) as an avatar of the sliding snake, Leviathan (Is 27:1, Ezk 29:2- 5, Ps 74:13-14) and not Apries, the Pharaoh of that time who is named (Jr 44:30). This process of assimilation between two rulers from different eras is found again with the king of Tyre who was assimilated to the original serpent in Eden (Ezk 28:12-14). The expression: All the luminaries of light in the heavens — I shall darken them on your account, and I will put darkness upon your land has a symbolic meaning, but could be understood only if it had also a literal meaning. The Pharaoh was considered a living god by the Egyptians, the son of Ra the sun god, thus the solar eclipse as the moonless night had to mark them.

Adicionado na linha do tempo:

Data: