1 jan 1493 ano antes da era comum - Jericho Destroyed

Descrição:

Gertoux, Gérard (2015). Moses and the Exodus Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence

The excavations at Tell es-Sultan (identified with Jericho) showed that the fortifications of this big city were destroyed violently around - 1550 according to the dating from ceramics. The city was abandoned afterward and was poorly reoccupied during the 14th century BCE before disappearing completely until the 9th century BCE when some insignificant remains appear again.

Several points of the biblical narrative have been confirmed by archaeology421: 1) The city was strongly fortified and 2) was on a hillock (the people went up into the city). 3) The conquest happened in the early spring, just after harvest, since grain storage jars were full (Joshua 2:6, 3:15, 4:9, and 5:10 show that early spring was the time of Joshua's siege). 4) Because the storage jars were full, there could not have been a long siege before the city fell. 5) There were dwellings built up right against the outer (mudbrick) city wall, such as was the case for Rahab's dwelling. 6) The city wall collapsed to the base of the tell (Jos 6:20). 7) As established by Kenyon, it was after the walls fell that the city was burned with an intense conflagration. 8) Following the destruction by fire, the main part of the city remained uninhabited for a number of decades. 9) During the time when the city was basically uninhabited, there was found nevertheless an isolated palace-like structure that Garstang called the "Middle Building," dated to the 14th century BCE. The resident here was well-to-do, as evidenced by a large quantity of imported Cypriot pottery. 10) The Middle Building was only inhabited for a short time. It's description and chronology fit the story of Eglon, king of Moab, who set up operations in the abandoned city of Jericho some decades after the death of Joshua, as recorded in Judges 3:12-30.

The main disagreement comes from dating: according to John Garstang, the destruction of Jericho took place around -1400, but according to Kathleen Kenyon, the city was destroyed around -1550 and was then abandoned. Dating the destruction of Jericho is tricky because the remains of the city are very small and it has been rebuilt at least 7 times. Fortunately the only layer where there was destruction by fire is dated around -1550. The discovery of scarab seals in the name of Thutmose III, Hatshepsut and Amenhotep III, proves that this city was still inhabited long after this date422. In addition, pottery, type "bi- chrome Cypriot", appearing only during the Hyksos period423 (1600-1450), have also been unearthed in this city.

The archaeological dating of the destruction of Jericho, according to the Carbon 14 (calibrated) is around -1550. However, these 14C measures overestimate dates about 50 years, during this period, compared with those from Egyptian chronology429. This difference implies a date, calibrated and corrected, c. -1500, in good agreement with the dating 1493 BCE.

The Carbon-14 dating gives two dates: -1563 +/- 38, from a sample of 6 grains or -1597 +/- 91 (Bruins, Van der Plicht: 1995, 213-220), from 2 samples of charcoal (Marchetti: 2000, 206-207,330,332). These results demonstrate two important points: 1) the accuracy of the Carbon-14 dating is highly dependent on the calibration curve (complex and evolving), 2) dates obtained from charcoal samples are higher by 34 years because the dating from charcoal is that when the wood was cut down and not when it burned (several decades later). Dating from the sample of 6 grains is better because it gives the date of the harvest that preceded the fire (a while before).
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Gertoux, Gérard. The Pharaoh of the Exodus Fairy tale or real history? Outcome of the Investigation.


The archaeologist Yohanan Aharoni and, more recently, Aaron Burke have observed that the Bible describes the cities of Canaan as being strongly fortified (Shanks: 2012, 36-37). This was true at the end of the Middle Bronze Age (c. -1550), but it was not true at the end of the Late Ancient Bronze Age (c. -1200), when the prevailing view dates the ethnogenesis of Biblical Israel. The German scholars cite Israeli scholar Rivka Gonen as noting that at the end of the Late Bronze Age: the Canaanite towns were frequently unfortified and therefore did not fit the Biblical descriptions well.

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