30 Years War (4 dic 1618 anni – 21 sett 1648 anni)

Descrizione:

War started as a battle between Catholic and Protestant states that made up the HRE, but as it evolved, it became less local/ religious, and more political/ continental. Bohemian: Czech Republic/ mostly protestants, but Catholic ruler. Hapsburg rulers granted protestants toleration through Letter of Majesty, that was later revoked by Ferdinand II, which led to the defenestration of Prague. Ferdinand confronted Bohemians at White Mt. (catholic victory). Danish: Lutheran king of Denmark invades HRE to help protestants, but is "owned" by Wallenstein, who is sending protestants back to Denmark. Swedish: Gustavus Adolphos- King of Sweden, Lutheran, father of modern day warfare. He was one of the first to use modern day artillery on the battlefield. At Battle of Bretinfield, he confronted the Catholics (had support from Fr. b/c they believed in Politique, and were concerned with balance of power). Adolphos' death= decline of Sweden's active leadership. French: =largest/ bloodiest. War got exhausting=nobody "won"=inconclusive. They got together at Westphalia and signed the treaty that ended the war.