Liberalism (18 magg 1499 anni – 17 nov 2000 anni)

Descrizione:

A movement born out of the
Enlightenment (political parent) and the Industrial revolution (economic parent). Although liberalism has been around for much longer than that.
Classical Liberal Theorists:
John Locke - John Lock is considered the father of classical Liberalism. He believed people should be born with rights and freedoms and he believed it was the responsibility of government to protect the rights of reasonable respectable people. Locke argued that men are naturally free and equal as part of the justification for understanding political government as the result of a social contract where people in a state conditionally transfer some of their rights to the government in order to ensure that their liberty, property and the public good are protected. Although Lock supported this, he also supported the peoples right of revolution. He believed that if governments fail to protect the rights of the people that they can be resisted and replaced with new governments.
Montesquieu - Montesquieu was a proponent of classical liberalism. He believed that the government needs to have a separation of powers into different branches, so that no branch of government could threaten the freedom of the people. These ideas became the basis for the United States Constitution. Despite Montesquieu's belief in the principles of democracy, he did not believe feel that all people were equal. Montesquieu approved of slavery.
Adam Smith - Adam Smith was a strong supporter of classical liberalism because of his support of capitalism. Smith supported the idea that the government should have little to no economic intervention. He believed that the "capitalist invisible hand" will smack you if you mess up in a capitalistic society. e.g. If someone was trying to make a business out of cardboard cars. In Adam Smith's eyes, they should be allowed to try it, but when it doesn't work they have no one to blame or turn to but themselves.
John Stuart Mill - John Stuart Mill was one of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism. Mill's view of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state and social control. Mill argues that individuals should be prevented from doing lasting, serious harm to themselves, others, or property, as this would deprive the community as well as oneself. John Stuart Mill was also the first Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage. Mill's main argument in support of liberalism is freedom for the individual to the extent of harming yourself or another individual.
Protection of Human rights - Protection of human rights has evolved throughout the development of liberalism and the world.
Protection of Human rights in the USA - The first human rights organization in the Thirteen Colonies, dedicated to the abolition of slavery, was formed in 1775 by Anthony Benezet. When the United States created its constitution in 1787, it guaranteed several rights and civil liberties. This, however, did not extend voting rights beyond white male property owners (around 6% of the population). The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that "the tight of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This was passed in 1868. As the years progressed, more and more rights were given to women, handicapped and people with disabilities, and LGBTQ. Along with Freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of movement, freedom of association, the right of revolution.
Labor rights/standards/more information on unions - During the 19th and 20th centuries, safer conditions and workers' rights were gradually mandated by law, but this trend has reversed to some extent towards pro-business policies since the 1980's. In 1935, the National Labor Relations Act recognized and protected "the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands." The United States is known for its scarcity of health and maternity and vacation benefits. Some examples are the fact that the UNited States and Papua New Guinea are the only countries in the world that do not guarantee paid maternal leave by law. In 2014, the United States recieved a poor grade of "4" on the ITUC's GLobal RIghts Index, which ranks the worst places in the world for worker's rights, with "1" being the best and "5" the worst. Other nations that scored a "4" include Argentina, Bahrain, El Salvador, Haiti, HOng KOng, Iraq, Mexico and Yemen.

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