The "Hyksos" (1 gen 1650 anni a. C. – 1 gen 1550 anni a. C.)

Descrizione:

The Hyksos: Who Were They?
Origins:

The term "Hyksos" is derived from the Egyptian phrase "heqa khasut", meaning "rulers of foreign lands." The Hyksos were likely a mixture of Semitic peoples (possibly from Canaan, modern-day Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon), and they may have included other groups from the Near East.

They likely entered Egypt as migrants and gradually gained power through trade, military prowess, or political alliances, before eventually taking control of northern Egypt.

Conquest of Egypt:

The Hyksos began to gain power during the First Intermediate Period, but their rise to dominance occurred during the Second Intermediate Period (around c. 1650 BC). They took control of the Nile Delta, the rich and fertile area near the Mediterranean Sea, with their capital at Avaris (modern-day Tell el-Dab'a, in the northeastern part of Egypt).

By around c. 1650 BC, they ruled over much of Lower Egypt, while native Egyptian pharaohs retained control over Upper Egypt (southern Egypt).

Hyksos Rule:

Dynasty 15 is the period associated with the Hyksos rule. They were known for their military innovations, including the use of the chariot (which was introduced to Egypt by the Hyksos) and the composite bow. These innovations gave them a significant advantage over the Egyptians at the time.

Although the Hyksos ruled as foreign invaders, they adopted many aspects of Egyptian culture, religion, and administration. They even took Egyptian titles and were generally seen as legitimate rulers by the people of the Nile Delta.

Cultural Impact:

The Hyksos introduced several key technologies and innovations to Egypt:

Chariots: The use of the horse-drawn chariot, which would later become integral to Egyptian military forces.

New weapons: The composite bow, which was more powerful and flexible than the traditional Egyptian bow, and bronze weapons.

Pottery and art: Some aspects of their material culture influenced Egyptian art and architecture, though the Hyksos are often seen as retaining their distinct cultural identity.

Fortifications: The Hyksos constructed fortified cities, including the notable Avaris, to protect their territory and maintain control.

⚔️ The Expulsion of the Hyksos:
The Struggle for Independence:

As the Hyksos grew more powerful, the native Egyptians in Upper Egypt began to resist their rule. The turning point came when a series of Egyptian rulers from the Seventeenth Dynasty, most notably Kamose and Ahmose I, led military campaigns against the Hyksos.

Ahmose I and the Final Expulsion:

Ahmose I, the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the first pharaoh of the New Kingdom, is credited with the final expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt.

In c. 1550 BC, Ahmose defeated the Hyksos in battle, eventually capturing their capital at Avaris and driving them out of Egypt. This victory marked the beginning of the New Kingdom, a period of empire-building and great prosperity for Egypt.

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Hyksos Timeline:
Rise to Power (c. 1650 BC):

The Hyksos, a group of Semitic peoples from the Near East, gradually gained power in Egypt, starting to dominate the Nile Delta region, with their capital at Avaris.

Their control expanded during the First Intermediate Period, but they officially ruled as pharaohs beginning around c. 1650 BC.

Hyksos Rule – Dynasty 15 (c. 1650 BC to 1550 BC):

The Hyksos ruled during Egypt's Dynasty 15. They established themselves as the rulers of Lower Egypt, while native Egyptian pharaohs continued to rule in Upper Egypt.

They introduced military innovations like the chariot and composite bow and were culturally influenced by Egypt, though they maintained their distinct identity.

Decline and Expulsion (c. 1550 BC):

The Hyksos were eventually expelled by the native Egyptian rulers of the Seventeenth Dynasty, led by Kamose and Ahmose I.

In c. 1550 BC, Ahmose I, the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty, defeated the Hyksos, marking the end of their rule and the start of Egypt's New Kingdom.

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