Second Germanic Consonant Shift (1 gen 3 anni – 1 gen 5 anni)

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The Second consonant shift took place probably beginning between the 3rd-5th centuries AD, and was almost complete before the earliest written records in the High German language were made in the 9th century. It occurred in High German which gave rise to today’s Standard German. Low German dialects were not affected by the Second Consonant Shift. Classical Indo-European /k, t, p/ became /h, th, f/ in English and /h, d, f/ in German and classical Indo-European /g, d, b/ became /k, t, p/ in English and /kh, ts, f/ in German.

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