The Civil War (12 apr 1861 anni – 9 apr 1865 anni)

Descrizione:

The North (Union) - more numbers and power
-Lincoln insisted on an aggressive military campaign to restore the Union
-Lincoln's goal was to secure the border states where few whites owned slaves
-Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus - Lincoln ordered Union troops to occupy states and arrest Confederate sympathizers -> provoked bitter debate
-Lincoln kept border states in the Union and control of the West
-Union maintained control of border states and used tactics to extend control of south and west
-Union victories in the South significantly undermined Confederate strength in the Mississippi RIver Valley
-lacked effective generals
-Lincoln gradually organized an effective central government
-more fit for a prolonged war
-invested in transportation system and modernized agricultural technology -> boosted economy
-new industries
-Lincoln began drafting African Americans into the Union army -> they hoped if they served they would end slavery and secure citizenship rights
-women became a major benefit in the war -> nurses, made food, clothes, supplies, worked in factories, were spies and agents
-Union nurse Clara Barton founded American Red Cross
-gained European support -> denounced slavery and relied on wheat imports from North and Midwest
-victories in 1863 made Union victory more likely
-Grant was appointed head of the Union army -> knew how to effectively fight a war that relied on industrial technology and the enemy's infrastructure; willing to accept heavy casualties and any means necessary to win the war

The South (Confederacy) - cotton which provided economic and political leverage including likely aid from Britain and France
-argued southern soldiers were braver and more effective
-call for volunteers at the beginning of the war was more successful
-wanted to protect slavery and continue slavery expansion
-defensive advantage
-larger population -> enormous armies
-enslaved blacks
-King Cotton - leading American export and essential to the global community
-David extended centralized authority to harness resources to fight despite doctrine of states' rights
-started to struggle to pay for the cost of the war
-poorly organized health system
-southern citizens grew increasingly critical of their government
-stayed on defensive


-both were forced to adopt new military and political strategies
-war drew women into wage-earning workforce in both North and South
-men were forced to recognize women's value to the cause

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