1848 Revolutions of 1848 (1 gen 1848 anni – 1 gen 1871 anni)

Descrizione:

Unit 6:
Contextualizing Industrialization and its Origins and Effects

The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe
-Agricultural Revolution increased food supply so expendable income, Britain had become wealthy from cottage industry so could invest in new industry and well designed central bank and entrepreneurs and repealed corn laws and enacted free trade and rich in mineral resources, spinning jenny, steam engine, factory system BRITAIN DOMINATED and other countries were slower to industrialize and Russia was very slow, Great exhibition in crystal palace showed Britain's industry, France lacked coal and iron, railroad construction, Irish potato famine millions died of starvation,

Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects
Factory system instead of making goods by hand they were mass produced in factories, Krupp Family in Germany and made weapons and dominated steel industry, Manchester industrial park specialized in making machines, standards of living rose and wealth came in, electricity 1840 Samuel Mors created telegraph using wires, Chemical engineering like making rubber more hard, Railroads now dominated created national economy and urbanized, Internal combustion engine now powered by gasoline instead of steam in first industrial revolution, automobile industry Henry Ford, streetcars made leisure travel, advertising industry was born because of mass production and variety, Consumerism: demand for consumer goods, shopping became a leisure activity, Economic troubles during long depression because scarcity of money and banks refused to lend money, so corporations tried making monopolies and gov't created protective tariffs, so other countries made free trade agreements, Prussia (Germany) industrialized created Zollverein agreement to lower barriers to trade to unite German states economically = success,

Social Effects of Industrialization
self-conscious classes in division of labor: Proletarieat is working class, lived in tenements due to needing housing which had airborn diseases and bad hygeine, middle class banded together and helped each other, 2nd class was Bourgeousie is white collar workers and lived in suburbs, formed philanthropic organizations to fund schools, mueseums, etc,
-Family life: Nuclear family, gender roles men work and women stay home (domesicity), on farms family worked together but now in factories the family worked separate, reforms: factory acts (children working rules) and ten hours act, Leisure culture: urban parks, bicycle, theatre, spectator sports (boxing), marry for love

The Concert of Europe and European
Conservatism
Conservatism: political belief that argues governments are most stable when they uphold traditional and established norms and cultural institutions, Congress of Vienna: conservative leaders imposed their ideology on Europe and Europe entered the Concert of Europe/Congress System which was a 50 year period in which Europe existed in the image of these conservative rulers and, in general, there was peace during that time
Metternich: Only powerful central government could bring order, balance of power by installing conservatives to thrones of Europe, took steps to ensure upholding of rights of the landed aristocracy, and argued the need for organized religion
Maintained peace until revolutions of 1848
Edmund Burks: people cannot govern themselves (conservatism)
Carlsbad decrees: Austria suppress liberalism and nationalism
Russia (very conservative): censorship, divine right, and secret police

Reactions and Revolutions
-Revolutions to challenge Conservatism,
-Greek war of Independence won independence in 1832 after Britain France and Russia allied against the Ottomans in order to weaken their power. First rumple that foreshadowed the storm of 1848
-Decemberist Revolt in Russia: Nicholas I, Decembrists (liberal), Nicholas' forces were superior, and revolt was quickly crushed and then continued by increasing use of secret police
-July Revolution in France: Charles X extremely conservative, stripped working class of voting rights, and installed censorship, so in response, Liberals and Working class flooded the capitol streets and staged an insurrection, then Charles X fled and abdicated the throne, Louis Philippe took over but remained conservative
1848: began in France, people demanded a more liberal government, and bread shortages so they rioted, took to the streets and built massive barricades, Louis Philippe abdicated throne and provisional government took over, however the provisional government has social division problems and established workhouses for the poor, Overall revolutions were a failure, but it sparked other revolts
-German states also demanded more liberal reforms like constitutional reforms, voting rights, and the unification of Germany, Fredrick William IV suppressed the revolution with force but agreed to some of the reforms, So German states got together in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a new constitution that would unify Germany BUT they couldn't agree so Fredrick William IV refused to accept the Frankfurt Constitution and crushed the remaining protests
-Austrian Empire: ethnically diverse, nationalism and longed for sovereignty
-Russia (1905): After Crimean war, Alexander II enacted liberal reforms: emancipated serfs, created independent courts to ensure equality, and modernized Russia's military, then he was assassinated, and Alexander III took over, industrialized, placed protective tariffs, bettered the economy, but Russians still lived in poverty under an authoritarian Czar which led them to revolt in 1905: demanded more liberal government, so Alexander III drafted some reforms codified in the October Manifesto: UMS, Citizenship to all Russians, freedom of speech, and representative boy called the Duma

Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements
Liberalism: Enlightenment idea, individualism, popular sovereignty, limited gov,
-Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarianism, actions should be judged based on whether they increase the happiness of those affected by the action
-Chartism: In England, demanded UMS and full citizenship despite having wealth or property,
-Women: wanted voting rights, Flora Tristan worked for rights of workers and suffrage
-Socialism: Means of production should be owned by the community not private individuals, redistribution of a society's wealth
Utopian Socialism: Onri de Saint Simone, society should be given to the workers and be taken from the "parasites"/aristocracy in the church, Charles Foye and Robert Owen attempted to put these ideas into practice by creating intentional communities: 8-hour workdays, shared property, free education, but the idea never caught on in the rest of Europe
-Scientific Socialism: Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto, history obeys laws and moves through patterns until meets end goal, class struggle over economic wealth, industrialization exacerbated the division between the two classes (the bourgeoisie and the proletariat), women involved,
-Anarchism: all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown

19th-Century Social Reform
Mass based Political Parties: because nations extended the right to vote to more and more people, political parties had to appeal to more voters' interests in order to win office, England: Liberal Party represented the working class, Germany: Social Democratic party: built on Marxist principles of class struggle
-In England in 1870 labor unions gained the right to strike so they did, and it was the primary way that workers agitated for reforms to their wages and their working conditions
-Women: sought equality and suffrage, Pankhurst family organized rallies for women's equality and eventually got suffrage in 1918 in England
-Sunday School Movement: provide education for working class children, most teachers were women, overall literacy went up for children and adults
-Abolitionist Movement: sought to ban slavery, most successful in England where by 1838 slavery was abolished across the British Empire

Institutional Responses and Reform
-Edwin Chadwick: helped poor, public health, sewers and clean water systems,
-George Houseman employed by Napoleon III: rebuilt Paris, widened streets, public parks, sewers, aqueducts,
-Professional police forces to keep peace in larger cities
-Reform Prison systems: prisons segregated by gender and inmates given education and employment opportunities,
-Reforms led by government
-Compulsory education laws (age 6-12 in school mandatory) keep public order, nationalism in schools, economic growth from jobs, Kindergartens in Germany so kids can play before they work

Causation in the Age of Industrialization

Aggiunto al nastro di tempo:

Data: