Kitos War (1 gen 115 anni – 1 gen 117 anni)

Descrizione:

The Kitos War, also known as the Tumultus Iudaicus or "rebellion of the diaspora," was a significant conflict between the Jewish population and the Roman Empire during the years 115–117 CE. Here's a summary of the key events and background:

Background of Jewish-Roman Tensions: Tensions between the Jewish population and the Greek and Roman populations had been mounting throughout the 1st century CE. Various violent events, particularly in Judea, had occurred, fueled by religious and political tensions.

First Jewish-Roman War (66–70 CE): The Kitos War erupted during Emperor Trajan's eastern campaign against the Parthian Empire. Trajan's invasion was prompted by Parthian actions in Armenia, a region of shared influence between the Roman and Parthian empires. As Trajan's army advanced through Mesopotamia, Jewish rebels attacked Roman garrisons left behind, sparking a wider rebellion.

Spread of Rebellion: The revolt began in Cyrenaica but quickly spread to Egypt and Cyprus, inciting further revolt in Judea. The rebellion centered on Lydda, threatening crucial grain supplies from Egypt to the Roman front. Cities with significant Jewish populations, including Nisibis, Edessa, Seleucia, and Arbela, joined the uprising and slaughtered their Roman garrisons.

Roman Response: Roman forces, under the command of General Lusius Quietus, moved to crush the rebellion. They laid siege to Lydda, where rebel leaders had gathered. Lydda was eventually taken, and many rebel Jews were executed. Leaders of the revolt, including Julian and Pappus, were sentenced to death.

After fleeing to Judea, the Jewish leader Lukuas faced pursuit by Marcius Turbo, who sentenced to death the brothers Julian and Pappus, key leaders in the rebellion. Lusius Quietus, renowned for his conquest of the Jews in Mesopotamia, assumed command of the Roman army in Judea and besieged Lydda, where rebel Jews, led by Julian and Pappus, had gathered.

The situation in Lydda became dire, leading the patriarch Rabban Gamaliel II, who was trapped there and subsequently died, to permit fasting even on Hanukkah, a measure that drew condemnation from other rabbis. Eventually, Lydda fell, and many rebellious Jews were executed, with their sacrifice being reverentially praised in the Talmud. Pappus and Julian, the rebel leaders, were among those executed, becoming martyrs in Jewish tradition.

However, despite his achievements, Lusius Quietus fell out of favor with Emperor Hadrian, who quietly removed him from command. Quietus was later murdered under mysterious circumstances in 118 CE, possibly on the orders of Hadrian.

Hadrian, seeking to stabilize the eastern borders, made the unpopular decision to abandon many of Trajan's conquests and end the war. He installed Parthamaspates as king of a restored Osroene, thereby establishing a buffer state between the Roman and Parthian empires.

In Judea, tensions remained high, prompting Hadrian to permanently station Legio VI Ferrata in Caesarea Maritima to maintain order.


Aftermath: The rebellion was eventually quelled by Roman legions, and areas affected by the revolt were repopulated by Romans to prevent complete depopulation. The Jewish leader Lukuas fled to Judea, but he was pursued and executed by Roman forces.

Tensions Remain: Despite the suppression of the revolt, tensions between the Jewish population and the Roman Empire persisted, leading to further conflicts and revolts in the following decades.

The Kitos War was a significant episode in the history of Jewish-Roman relations, marked by widespread violence and brutal suppression by Roman forces.

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