The First Fitna (1 gen 656 anni – 1 gen 661 anni)

Descrizione:

Palestine was apart of the ummayyid revolt.



The First Fitna, or the first civil war within the Islamic community, was a pivotal period in early Islamic history. Here's a comprehensive overview:

Roots of the First Fitna:

The civil war stemmed from the assassination of the second caliph, Umar, and the subsequent election of Uthman as the third caliph.
During Uthman's rule, accusations of nepotism and centralization of power among his Umayyad relatives led to discontent.
Uthman's policies, favoring his kinsmen and centralizing power, alienated various factions within the Muslim community.
The influx of spoils from conquests slowed during Uthman's reign, exacerbating economic issues.
Dissatisfaction with Uthman's rule culminated in open rebellion, supported by prominent figures like Talha, Zubayr, Amr ibn al-As, and Aisha.

Key Events of the First Fitna:

Assassination of Uthman (656 CE): Dissidents from Egypt and Iraq marched on Medina, killing Uthman in June 656.

Election of Ali as Caliph: Following Uthman's assassination, Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was recognized as the fourth caliph.

Battle of the Camel (656 CE): Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr revolted against Ali, leading to the Battle of the Camel in December 656. Ali emerged victorious.

Battle of Siffin (657 CE): Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria, declared war on Ali, leading to the Battle of Siffin in July 657. The battle ended in a stalemate and arbitration.

Kharijite Rebellion: Resentful of the arbitration, Kharijites declared Ali, Mu'awiya, and their followers as infidels. Ali's forces crushed the Kharijites in the Battle of Nahrawan.

Mu'awiya's Control of Egypt: Mu'awiya seized control of Egypt with the aid of Amr ibn al-As, further solidifying his power base.

Assassination of Ali (661 CE): Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite named Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam in 661.

Peace Treaty between Hasan and Mu'awiya: Ali's son Hasan was elected caliph but later abdicated in favor of Mu'awiya, concluding a peace treaty.

Aftermath:

Mu'awiya founded the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph, marking the end of the Rashidun Caliphate. The First Fitna resulted in significant divisions within the Muslim community, laying the groundwork for future conflicts and sectarianism. The First Fitna fundamentally altered the course of Islamic history, leading to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate and shaping subsequent developments within the Muslim world.

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