Songhai (1 gen 1430 anni – 1 gen 1591 anni)

Descrizione:

- West Africa
- Patrilineal society, men married multiple women
- Largely under the clan system
- Centralized administration
- Built canals for agriculture
- Elites follow Islam, rural communities follow native animist beliefs
- Prospered from caravan trade
- Timbuktu: trade center
- Astronomy and observatories, canoes, iron tools
- Consolidated power through control of trade routes, alliances and military expansion

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