Manchuria (1 feb 1894 anni – 1 feb 1912 anni)

Descrizione:

1894 Korea's king calls for help from China to suppress riots. Opposed to China's influence in Korea, Japan sends troops and takes control of Korea. Japan's military moves north from Korea into Manchuria, and they move eastward to Port Arthur.

1894 An antiquated military force from Manchu China is overwhelmed by Japan's more modern force.

1895 China signs the Treaty of Shimonoseki, ceding to Japan control over the Liaodong peninsula to Port Arthur, ceding to Japan Taiwan, and permitting Japanese to live in and trade with Chinese.

1902 Apr 8 His Majesty, the Tsar of all the Russias, wishing to give fresh proof of his peaceable and friendly disposition towards His Majesty the Emperor of China, agrees to evacuate Manchuria in three stages. China agrees to protect Russia's railway, all Russian subjects and their undertakings. Russia considers its railway to its warm water port, leased from China and renamed Port Arthur, as vital.

1903 Oct 3 Russia has failed to withdraw its forces from Manchuria as they had promised. For a couple of months Russia and Japan have been haggling over who is to have dominant influence where in the Manchuria-Korean area between their two countries. The haggling is to continue.

1904 Jan 5 Japan and Russia are still squabbling over control of Korea and Manchuria. Imperialism is accepted policy among the great nations and neither considers leaving the Koreans and the Manchurians (or Chinese) control over their own territory. Russia sends a rifle regiment from Vladivostok to Korea to support its interests there. The Japanese are upset.

1904 Jan 10 Russia's Tsar Nicholas is not eager for war. Russia offers Japan recognition of its preponderance of power in Korea and proposes the neutralization of Korea's coastal waters, but Russia refuses Japan an equal footing with Europeans in Manchuria. Stockmarkets are responding to the news of the conflict. Russia has been recalling its gold reserves from abroad.

1904 Feb 1 Japan's military leader informs Emperor Meiji (age 51) of a coming preemptive strike against the Russians.

1904 Feb 5 Japan breaks diplomatic relations with Russia. Russian troops are occupying strategic locations on the Manchurian side of the Yalu River.

1904 Feb 8 Japan launches torpedoes against Russian ships at Port Arthur (now Lushan, China). The warring continues into the next day as Japan lands troops at Inchon in Korea. From Inchon they will start marching north toward Manchuria. Russian troops in Korea will be in retreat.

1904 May 1 The first major land battle between the Japanese and Russians, the Battle of Yalu River, takes place. Some Russians surrender and others escape northward. The Russians thought they could easily defeat an East Asian army.

1904 Oct 21-22 Russian warships on their way to the Far East to do war against the Japanese fire on British fishing boats they mistake for Japanese torpedo boats, and they fire on each other – to be known as the Dogger Bank incident. Emotions rise in Britain, with some anger toward Germany because of Germany's support for Russia. Britain's new Admiral of the Fleet, John Fisher, blames Germany for inciting Russia against Britain.

1904 Dec 9 during the last few days, the Japanese have destroyed Russia's warships stationed in the Far East. Russia's warships sailing from the Baltic Sea are still on their way to the Pacific and rounding Africa's Cape of Good Hope, burning coal supplied by Germany.


1905 Jan 2 After a five-month siege, the Russians surrender at Port Arthur. The Japanese take control also of the adjoining Liaodong Peninsula.

1905 Feb 19 In Manchuria, Russian troops fleeing the Port Arthur area are confronted by Japanese troops at Mukden (Shenyang). The Russians number 330,000 with 800 artillery pieces.

1905 Mar 5 Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden.

1905 Mar 10 The Japanese capture Mukden. The Russians are on their way out of Manchuria.

1905 May 28 The Baltic Fleet – 28 ships – has finally arrived near Japan. It meets 89 Japanese ships and is destroyed in a two-day battle in waters between Japan and Korea: the Battle of Tsushima. The Japanese loose only three torpedo boats. The Japanese are exultant in victory over the Russians. They see themselves as superior to others in Asia, deserving empire and having an invincible navy.

1905 Sep 5 In response to a secret request by the Japanese, President Theodore Roosevelt resides over the treaty formally ending the war between Russia and Japan. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and railway rights in Manchuria to Japan while Manchuria is to remain nominally a part of China. The differences between Russia and Japan had been resolved by violence, but for his efforts a sentimental Nobel committee in 1906 will award Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize.

1909 Sep 4 Japan and China sign a treaty that gives Japan the right to build railways in Manchuria. China in exchange gains recognition from Japan as the ruler of an area at the far north of Korea, territory called Gando by the Koreans.

1910 Jul 4 Russia and Japan agree on "spheres of influence" in Manchuria, where both nations are building railroads.

1910 Dec 25 A form of pneumonic plague has been spreading in Manchuria since November. It will continue into March and will have killed more than 40,000.

1911 Oct 10 An accidental explosion in the city of Wuchang reveals a cache of weapons and a list of military officers who belonged to a secret revolutionary group. To defend themselves following this exposure, young officers revolt. Enlisted men under them obey their commands. Government forces sent against them join the rebellion. Sun Yat-sen has been trying to make revolution against the Manchu monarchy since around 1895, with little success. Now, with military involvement, in two months most of China's provinces will proclaim independence from the Manchu monarchy.

Oct 28 For the sake of order, Madero has allied himself with Mexico's military establishment. General Huerta has been fighting "illegal" armies in the state of Morelos and has failed in an attempt to capture Zapata. Zapata's army takes the town of Milpa Alta, 24 kilometers from the heart of Mexico City. What is Madero to do? He has General Huerta fired.

Oct 31 It is one week before Madero is to assume the presidency. In the state of Chihuahua, revolutionaries to the left of Madero announce their opposition to him in a manifesto: the Plan of Takubaya. They accuse Madero of mocking promises he had made, excluding revolutionary chiefs from positions of authority, having declared revolutionaries to be "bandits," and nepotism. Meanwhile, in a speech to rail workers, Madero endorses labor unions.

1912 Feb 12 In China, Emperor Puyi abdicates, ending the Manchu Dynasty's 268 years of rule.

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