Peloponnesian War (1 gen 431 anni a. C. – 1 gen 404 anni a. C.)

Descrizione:

Sparta vs. Athens

"lasted a generation and brought in its wake disease, famine, civil wars, widespread destruction, and huge loss of life"

431 B.C. - Spartan invasion of Attica.
"cramped conditions within the walls of Athens nurtured a dreadful plague that killed huge numbers, eventually claiming Pericles himself."

"Recognizing that ten years of war had resulted only in death, destruction, and stalemate, Sparta and Athens concluded the Peace of Nicias (NIH-shee-uhs) in 421 B.C.E."

"The Peace of Nicias resulted in a cold war, in which hostility and threats continued but there was no open warfare between Sparta and Athens. But even cold war can bring horror and misery, especially to those caught in the middle."

"[Alcibiades] convinced the Athenians to attack Syracuse, the leading polis in Sicily. Conquering Syracuse would bring Athens an immense amount of resources, and also cut off the grain supply from Sicily to Sparta and its allies, allowing Athens to end the war and become the greatest power in Greece. The undertaking was vast, requiring an enormous fleet and thousands of sailors and soldiers, and it ended in disaster in 413 B.C.E., with nearly the entire fleet captured or destroyed by Syracusan forces. "

"The disaster in Sicily ushered in the final phase of the war. Sparta immediately declared war on Athens, and many of Athens’s allies broke their ties with Athens. The Persians threw their support behind Sparta and built a fleet of ships for them; in exchange they expected Ionia to be returned to them once the Spartans were successful."

"the Spartans challenged the Athenians in the Aegean, and a long series of inconclusive naval battles followed. In 405 B.C.E., Spartan forces destroyed the last Athenian fleet at the Battle of Aegospotami, after which the Spartans blockaded Athens until it was starved into submission. In 404 B.C.E., after twenty-seven years of fighting, the Peloponnesian War was over."

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