Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1 gen 1749 anni – 1 gen 1832 anni)

Descrizione:

a German writer and statesman. His works include: four novels; epic and lyric poetry; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; and treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly 3,000 drawings by him have survived. He is considered the greatest German literary figure of the modern era. He wrote Faust.

Lyric and Ballad
1. The Lied became a principal medium by which to convey national identity.
2. The poetry divided into two types: Lyric and Ballad.
3. Lyrics were set as dance songs with stanzas and refrains.
a. Goethe’s most famous lyric poem is “Heidenröslein.”
b. He wanted these types of poems to be set strophically.
4. Goethe also wanted ballads to be set strophically so that the singer had the opportunity to shade the music as he or she saw fit.
5. Composers saw the strophic form as limited, often preferring through-composed or a combination of the two.
6. The most famous ballad was Goethe’s “Der Erlkönig” (1781).

Schubert and Goethe
1. Schubert was the first composer to make the Lied a major genre.
2. Although he never met the poet, Schubert most frequently chose poems by Goethe for his Lieder.
3. At age eighteen he composed both “Heidenröslein” and “Der Erlkönig.”
a. “Heidenröslein” is a simple strophic song, natural and relatively easy to perform.
b. “Der Erlkönig” is entirely different in that it completely ignores most aspects associated with the genre in intensity, drama, and technical difficulty.
1) The recitative serves only to bring the thundering and driving music to an extremely abrupt halt.
2) Each character has special characteristics that mark the part.
3) The tonal center shifts incessantly throughout “Erlkönig.”
4) The terrifying outcries of the little boy bring increased tension.
5) The pounding of the horse’s hooves recede as the subjective elements take over.

KEY TERMS
Lyric poetry: expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person. It is not equivalent to song lyrics, though they are often in the lyric mode.

Ballad poetry: A ballad is a poem that tells a story, usually (but not always) in four-line stanzas called quatrains

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