Thirty Years' War (FR) (1 gen 1630 anni – 1 gen 1648 anni)

Descrizione:

Began in Bohemian Prague as a renewed religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, exacerbated by economic stagnation after 1620.

1620 - 1629 - England and France want to stop the rise of the Reich and convince Denmark to engage them. Danes suffered a defeat.

1630 - financially supported by France, Sweden joins the war against the Habsburgs. initially succeeding under Gustav II Adolf, only to fail after his death.

1635 - France gets directly engaged, starting a war with Habsburgs in Spain.. At this point, Habsburgs were supported also by Protestant Brandenburg, Saxony and Denmark.

1648 - peace in Westphalia. Catholics gather separately in Münster.

The peace deal brought an end to the Habsburg domination in Europe and established France as the leading power. The Holy Roman Empire practically ceased to exist, since local rulers became virtually sovereign. It turned into a lose union lead by an honorary, elective emperor.

Holland and Switzerland gained independence.

Freedom of religion was reconfirmed once and for all, except for hereditary Habsburg lands.

The war took a great toll on societies in the empire.

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