The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1 magg 1966 anni – 9 sett 1976 anni)

Descrizione:

- A social and political movement to:
- Officially, revive the "constant revolution" called for by Marxism and eliminate capitalistic elements and forces in China (as opposed to what was happening in Russia with détente)
- Politically, to eliminate Mao's rivals (Liu Shaoqi (president) and Deng Xiaoping) in government
- Internationally, to make up for the failure of the Great leap Forward
- Culturally, to reshape China's culture so that the state could remain strong after Mao dies

- The "Four Olds" (four characteristics of old China) were targeted and attacked. Old:
- Ideas
- Culture
- Customs
- Habits

- This resulted in the destruction of books, buildings, artifacts and objects from pre-revolutionary China

- Intellectuals and religion were also targeted as they had the capability of influencing peoples beliefs

- The Red Guard was the main revolutionary body of the Cultural Revolution, consisting of students and young people
- Enforced Mao's will and denounced the Four olds (using sometimes violent means, e.g. struggle sessions)
- Later there formed rivalry between the groups

- Red Guard was supplied with names and addresses of people in the five categories:
- Landlords
- Rich peasants
- Reactionaries
- Bad elements
- Rightists
to carry out correction. These were not limited to Chinese nationals (attacks on embassies also occurred)

- The Red Guard also engaged in the destruction of old Chinese historical pieces such as buildings, books, art, etc.

- The Gang of Four was a central group in the implementation of the Cultural Revolution. A hard-line group consisting of Jiang Quing (Mao's wife), Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen

- The Central Cultural Revolution Group (CCRG, formed in 1966) was in charge of directing the cultural revolution (the Gang of Four were all members)

- The August rally was the first big event of the cultural revolution
- Around one million citizens gathered in Tiananmen square and sang Mao praise

- There were several other rallies (8) throughout August to November

- Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping both denounced shortly after the Cultural Revolution's start
- Lin Biao, Jiang Quing, and Kang Sheng (head of China's special security forces and member of Shanghai Forum (organises Mao's purges)) gain influence

1972-76

- The severity and extremism of the Cultural Revolution lessens

- This is due to the questioning of state decisions, wish to impress the US (from Nixon's visit), criticism to policy severity, etc.

- Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping reenter party favour and gain influence

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