TIMELINE OF MAJOR EVENTS (WIP)
Category: Storia
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Rise of Proto-Elamite Civilization in Iran.Skara Brae is built in Scotland.Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is established in Romania and Ukraine.Jiroft culture begins in Iran.First known use of papyrus by Egyptians.Domestication of the horse in the Yamnaya culture.Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins.Longshan culture begins in China.Minoan civilization ancient palace city Knossos reaches 80,000 inhabitants.Rise of Elam in Iran.The Old Kingdom begins in Egypt.Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn.Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and India) begins.Emergence of Mayan culture in the Yucatán Peninsula.King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Land of Punt in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time.The last mammoth population, on Wrangel Island in Siberia, goes extinct.Pharaoh Teti is thought to be the earliest known victim of assassination.Oldest known depiction of the Staff God, the oldest image of a god to be found in the Americas.Completion of Stonehenge.Traditional date for the legendary foundation of Armenia by Hayk.The Middle Kingdom begins in Egypt.Sumerian cuneiform writing system is first used, triggering the beginning of recorded history.Yamnaya Culture appears.Newgrange is built in Ireland. Ness of Brodgar is built in Orkney.Erlitou culture begins in China.Alphabetic writing emerges.The Old Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh constitutes the earliest complete version of that narrative.Oldest Record of Code of Hammurabi.Mycenaean civilization begins in mainland Greece.Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture; The beginning of Poverty Point culture in North America.Minoan eruption destroys Akrotiri and causes damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete.The beginning of Shang dynasty in China; evidence of a fully developed writing system, see Oracle bone script.The New Kingdom begins in Egypt.Composition of the Rigveda is completed.Nok culture begins in West Africa.Oldest known song with notation.The Merneptah Stele is the first non-biblical reference to the Israelites.The Hallstatt culture begins.Disintegration of Hittite Empire.Use of Iron spreads.The Phoenician alphabet is created.The Zhou force, led by King Wu of Zhou, overthrows the last king of Shang dynasty; Zhou dynasty established in China.The second stream of Bantu expansion reaches the great lakes region of Africa, creating a major population centre.Approximate date for the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey.Foundation of Carthage by the Phoenicians in Tunisia.Formation of the Kingdom of Macedonia by King KaranosRise of Greek city-states.Iron Age begins in Sungai Batu (Old Kedah).Rise of the Kingdom of Kush.First recorded Ancient Olympic Games.Spring and Autumn period begins in China; Zhou dynasty's power is diminishing; the era of the Hundred Schools of Thought.Founding of Rome (traditional date).Assyrian captivity begins, creating the Ten Lost Tribes.Rise of the Median Empire.The construction of Marib Dam in Arabia Felix, in modern Saudi Arabia and Yemen.Rise of Achaemenid dynasty.Draco replaces oral law with written law in Classical Athens, considered one of the earliest developments of the Athenian democracy.An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying Nineveh and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire.Cycladic culture in Greece.Caral–Supe civilization begins in Peru.The Roman Empire enters Great Britain for the first time.Emperor Claudius dies and is succeeded by his grand nephew Nero.Emperor Nero commits suicide, prompting the Year of the Four Emperors in Rome.Destruction of Jerusalem by the armies of Titus.Destruction of Pompeii by the volcano Vesuvius.After a two-year rule, Emperor Nerva dies of natural causes, his adopted son Trajan succeeds him.Birth of Nerva.Trajan dies of natural causes. His adopted son Hadrian succeeds him. Hadrian pulls out of Iraq and Armenia.Construction of Hadrian's Wall begins.Hadrian completes the Roman Pantheon.Hadrian dies of natural causes.Hadrian's adopted son Antoninus Pius succeeds him.Death of Antoninus Pius. His rule was the only one in which Rome did not fight in a war.Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor of the Roman Empire.Reign of Marcus Aurelius officially ends. End of the Pax Romana.Kingdom of Champa in Tay Nguyen.The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul, and made an Imperial province.Battle of Cangting: Warlord Cao Cao defeats his rival, Yuan ShaoA flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people.An edict bans conversions to Christianity and all Christian propaganda.Birth of Plotinus.Aemilius Papinianus becomes praetorian prefect, after the death of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus.Eboracum becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire.Three Kingdoms period begins in China after the fall of Han dynasty.Fall of the Parthian Empire and Rise of the Sasanian Empire.Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa.Emperor Severus Alexander and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers.Emperor Wu of Jin established the First Jin dynasty providing a temporary unity of China after the devastating Three Kingdoms period.Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome and splits the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Roman Empires.Diocletian begins a large-scale persecution of Christians.The capital of the Roman empire is officially moved from Rome to Mediolanum (modern day Milan).Sixteen Mahajanapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge in India.Evidence of writing system appears in Oaxaca used by the Zapotec civilization.Rise of the Sao civilisation near Lake Chad.Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam literature.Solon appointed Archon of Classical Athens and begins issuing citizenship and judicial reforms, giving Athenian citizens the right to participate in government.Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism is born as a prince of the Shakya clan, which ruled parts of Magadha, one of the Mahajanapadas.Confucius, founder of Confucianism, is born.Foundation of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great.Mahavira, founder of Jainism, is born.Cyrus the Great overthrows Croesus, King of Lydia.Rise of Magadha as the dominant power under Bimbisara.The fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and liberation of the Jews by Cyrus the Great.Death of Cyrus the Great.Cambyses II of Persia conquers Ancient Egypt.Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern Thrace, Macedonia submits voluntarily, and annexes the Libyan Kingdom, Persian Empire at largest extent.Expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, founding of Roman Republic (traditional date).Athenian democracy instituted at the Republic of Athens.Pāṇini standardizes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī. Panini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit.King Aristagoras of Miletus incites all of Hellenic Asia Minor to rebel against the Persian Empire, beginning the Greco-Persian Wars.Greek city-states defeat Persian invasion at Battle of Marathon.Death of Gautama Buddha.Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes I; Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis.Death of Confucius.Warring States period begins in China as the Zhou king became a mere figurehead; China is annexed by regional warlords.Birth of Socrates.Murder of Xerxes I.Birth of Democritus.Oresteia by Aeschylus, the only surviving trilogy of ancient Greek plays, is performed.The Greco-Persian Wars end.Building of the Parthenon at Athens started.Construction of the Parthenon is completed.Beginning of the Peloponnesian War between the Greek city-states.Sophocles's play Oedipus Rex is first performed.Birth of Plato.Nanda dynasty comes to power in Magadha.End of the Peloponnesian War.Zapotec culture flourishes around city of Monte Albán.Pandya dynasty is founded in South India.Rise of the Garamantes as an irrigation-based desert state in the Fezzan region of Libya.Trial of Socrates.Birth of Aristotle.Death of Democritus.Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela, completing his conquest of Persia.Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.Death of Alexander the Great at Babylon.Death of Aristotle.Chandragupta Maurya overthrows the Nanda dynasty of Magadha.Establishment of the Seleucid Empire by Seleucus I Nicator. The empire existed until 63 BC.Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of Paropamisadae (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qanadahar) and Gedrosia (Baluchistan) from Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian satrap of Babylonia, in return for 500 elephants.Completion of Euclid's Elements.Pingala uses zero and binary numeral system.Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Canka ilakkiyam) period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam)Construction of the Great Pyramid of Cholula.Ashoka becomes the emperor of the Maurya Empire.Kalinga War.An Dương Vương takes over Việt Nam (then Kingdom of Âu Lạc).Ashoka sends a Buddhist missionary led by his son who was Mahinda Thero (Buddhist monk) to Sri Lanka (then Lanka) Mahinda (Buddhist monk).Rise of Parthia (Ashkâniân), the second native dynasty of ancient Persia.Death of Emperor Ashoka; Decline of the Mauryan Empire.Emergence of Satavahana in South India.Qin Shi Huang unifies China, end of Warring States period; marking the beginning of Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the Great Wall of China by the Qin dynasty begins.Battle of Cannae – Rome defeated in major battle in the second Punic War.Nanyue Kingdom extends from Guangzhou to North Việt Nam .Han dynasty established in China, after the death of Qin Shi Huang; China in this period officially becomes a Confucian state and opens trading connections with the West, i.e. the Silk RoadScipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama.El Mirador, largest early Maya city, flourishes.Paper is invented in the Han dynastyChera dynasty in South India.Shunga Empire founded.Roman conquest of Greece.Eucratides I dies; Greco-Bactrian Kingdom collapses. Remnants move southwards to form the Indo-Greek Kingdom.Roman armies enter Gaul for the first time.First Chinese domination of Vietnam in the form of the Nanyue Kingdom.Chola dynasty rises in prominence.Burebista becomes the king of Dacia.Death of Spartacus.End of the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic.Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey.Julius Caesar murdered by Marcus Junius Brutus and others.Burebista is assassinated in the same year like Julius Caesar and his empire breaks into 4 and later 5 kingdoms in modern-day Romania.Cleopatra ends her reign as the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt.End of the Roman Republic and formation of the Roman Empire.Three Kingdoms period begins in Korea. Herod's Temple is reconstructed.Earliest theorized date for birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Roman succession: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar groomed for the throne.Widely accepted date (Ussher) for birth of Jesus.Birth of Saint Peter.Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, the Imperial Roman army's bloodiest defeat.Death of Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar (Octavian), ascension of his adopted son Tiberius to the throne.Death of Emperor Tiberius, ascension of his nephew Caligula to the throne.Birth of the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Nero.Rome conquers Mauretania.Emperor Caligula is assassinated by the Roman senate. His uncle Claudius succeeds him.Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices.Armenia first to adopt Christianity as state religion.Edict of Milan declared that the Roman Empire would tolerate all forms of religious worship.Emperor Min of Jin executed, with northern China then controlled by various kingdoms founded by non-Han people. The Jin dynasty continues to rule the south.Constantine the Great organizes the First Council of Nicaea.Constantinople is officially named and becomes the capital of the eastern Roman Empire.Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta Empire.Emperor Constantine the Great dies, leaving his sons Constantius II, Constans, and Emperor Constantine II as the emperors of the Roman empire.Constantius II is left sole emperor with the death of his two brothers.Birth of Augustine of Hippo.Constantius II dies, his cousin Emperor Julian succeeds him.Battle of Adrianople, Roman army is defeated by the Germanic tribes.Roman Emperor Theodosius I declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical.Theodosius I outlaws all religions other than Catholic ChristianityRomans are expelled from Britain.Periodi
First Dynasty of Egypt.Earliest evidence of autochthonous iron production in West Africa.The Pastoral Neolithic culture builds East Africa's earliest and largest monumental cemetery at Lothagam North Pillar Site.Kerma culture begins in Nubia.4.2-Kiloyear EventThe Norte Chico or Caral–Supe civilization begins on the coast of Peru with a wave of monumental construction and founding of the first cities in the Americas. It is generally considered the oldest civilization in the Americas.The Proto-Sinaitic script is the oldest alphabet created in Egypt.Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico, during Mesoamerica's Formative period.The Late Bronze Age collapseThe Urewe culture dominates the African Great Lakes region. It was one of Africa's oldest iron smelting centres.Maccabean Revolt.Third Punic War between Rome and Carthage. War ends with the complete destruction of Carthage, allowing Rome to conquer modern day Tunisia and Libya.Bantu-speaking communities in the African Great Lakes regions develop iron forging techniques that enable them to produce carbon steel.The earliest Bantu settlements in the Swahili coast appear on the archaeological record in Kwale County in Kenya, Misasa in Tanzania and Ras Hafun in Somalia.Burebista conquers territories from south Germany to Thrace, reaching the coast of the Aegean Sea.Battle of Actium. The Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt.Amanirenas, the kandake (Queen) of the Kingdom of Kush, leads Kushite armies against the Romans.The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a Graeco-Roman manuscript is written. It describes an established Indian Ocean Trade route.Crucifixion of Jesus, exact date unknown.Kingdom of Aksum forms in the Horn of Africa.Roman Empire at largest extent under Trajan after having conquered modern-day Romania, Iraq and Armenia.Commodus becomes Roman Emperor.Defeat of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Emperor Valerian (253–260), by Shapur I of Persia (Valerian was captured by the Persians).Growth of Azanian and Zanj settlements in the Swahili coast. Local industry and international trade flourish.
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