Eventi
Margaret Beckett announces her candidacy for the leadership of the Labour PartyTony Blair announces his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour PartyJohn Prescott announces his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour PartyGordon Brown announces he won't run for the leadership of the Labour PartyFormer Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, Roy Hattersley telephones Tony Blair, urging him to stand and advising him to inform Gordon Brown that many Labour figures had accepted not becoming leader in the pastRobin Cook announces he will not stand for the leadership of the Labour PartyThe 1994 Labour Party leadership election is overseen by the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC), which finalizes the timetable on 18 May 1994All three candidates—Margaret Beckett, Tony Blair, and John Prescott—secured sufficient nominations by 25 June 1994The results of the 1994 Labour Party leadership election are announced on 21 July 1994 at a special conference held at the Queen-Empress Elizabeth II Conference Centre in LondonBallots for the 1994 Labour Party leadership election were counted by an independent scrutineer appointed by the Labour Party National Executive Commitee on 1 July 1994, ensuring impartialityThe results of the 1994 Labour Party leadership election were verified on 20 July 1994 before the official announcementThe campaign for the 1994 Labour Party leadership election includes hustings across the UK, with a key event held in London on 5 July 1994The campaign for the 1994 Labour Party leadership election includes a key event held in Manchester on 8 July 1994The campaign for the 1994 Labour Party leadership election includes a key event held in Glasgow on 12 July 1994Labour Party leadership candidates participate in a televised debate on BBC One on 15 July 1994, moderated by Jonathan Dimbleby, drawing significant public attentionTony Blair becomes Leader of the Labour PartyBy 1990, a faction within the Green Party of England and Wales, led by figures such as Sara Parkin and Jonathon Porritt, argues for a streamlined structure to capitalize on this momentum and position the party as a credible electoral force capable of forming a government by 2000By 2000, the Green Party of England and Wales has established itself as a credible electoral force, continuing to build on the momentum generated by earlier reforms and campaignsThe key changes to the Green Party of England and Wales, effective from 28 September 1991, include the creation of a Party Executive, the reduction of Principal Speakers from six to two, the establishment of a single Party Chair, and the formation of a Regional Council to enhance accountability and representationA new Regional Council is created to represent regional branches and hold the Executive accountable between conferences, composed of representatives from each region; the council convenes quarterly, with its first meeting held on 16 November 1991These changes replace the sprawling Green Party Council, which had been criticized for its inefficiency and susceptibility to factional disputes. The reforms are passed under Robert’s Rules of Order, with a motion requiring a two-thirds majority at the conference. On 7 September 1991, the vote tallies 412 in favor, 108 against, and 15 abstentions, surpassing the required thresholdDerek Wall remarks on 10 September 1992, in an interview with The Guardian: “The right around the Green 2000 faction wanted to make us into a mainstream party with mass appeal, ditch the radicalism, reengineer the Party constitution and centralize power. We fought them.”Tensions culminate at the end of the first Green Party of England and Wales Executive’s term on 25 September 1992, when several Green 2000 proponents, including Sara Parkin, resign from the party, citing frustration with internal resistanceMembership of the Green Party of England and Wales plummets from 18,523 in December 1990By December 1992, membership of the Green Party of England and Wales plummets to 9,816Morrissey argues on 15 May 1992, in Green Line magazine: “The Party is itself a coalition between its environmentalist and electoralist right wing and a left which is libertarian and anarchistic. The former is comfortable with the traditional party form and conventional political activity. The latter could have rejected the idea of party altogether but has instead tried to reinvent it.”Following the 1992 United Kingdom general election, the Green Party of England and Wales initiates a constitutional review on 3 October 1992 to address ongoing tensionsThe constitutional review, chaired by Penny Kemp, spans three years and culminates at the party’s conference on 15 September 1995 in SouthportThe Independent quotes Sara Parkin referring to opponents as “socialist parasites,” highlighting the depth of internal divisions within the Green Party of England and WalesBy 2005, the failure to achieve a Green government underscores the unrealistic ambitions of the Green 2000 vision, as the Green Party of England and Wales continues to grapple with the effects of earlier reforms and the loss of key figures and members in 1992Scotland United for Independence is foundedScotland United for Independence issues a government statementAlex Salmond, former Scottish First Minister and interim convener of the Alba Party, endorses Neale Hanvey on 27 March 2021 at 15:00 GMT, citing his "proven commitment to Scottish independence and principled stance on social issues" during a press conferenceWomen’s Pledge Scotland, a grassroots organization advocating for women’s sex-based rights, endorses Neale Hanvey on 26 March 2021 at 18:00 GMT, citing his opposition to the Scottish Government’s Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) BillScottish Independence Now, a pro-independence advocacy group, endorses Neale Hanvey on 27 March 2021 at 12:00 GMT, praising his "resolute commitment to Scotland’s self-determination."Scottish Sovereignty Alliance, a coalition of pro-independence activists, endorses Neale Hanvey on 27 March 2021 at 13:00 GMT, highlighting his by-election victory as evidence of grassroots supportLaurie Flynn, founder of the Alba Party, endorses Kenny MacAskill for both Leader and Deputy Leader on 27 March 2021 at 11:45 GMT, citing his experience as a former Scottish Justice SecretaryTommy Sheridan, former Scottish Socialist Party MSP and political activist, endorses Kenny MacAskill for both Leader and Deputy Leader on 27 March 2021 at 16:00 GMT, praising his "unwavering commitment to justice and independence."Justice for Scotland, a legal reform advocacy group, endorses Kenny MacAskill for both Leader and Deputy Leader on 27 March 2021 at 14:00 GMT, referencing his record on justice issues, including the release of Abdelbaset al-MegrahiThe leadership vote for the 2021 Alba Party Westminster leadership election takes place at 14:30 GMT on 28 March 2021The leadership vote for the 2021 Alba Party Westminster leadership election takes place at 14:30 GMT on 28 March 2021, followed by the deputy leadership vote at 14:35 GMTAt 14:45 GMT on 28 March 2021, the results of the leadership ballot for the 2021 Alba Party Westminster leadership election are announcedNeale Hanvey is elected Leader of the Alba Party in the House of CommonsAt 14:50 GMT on 28 March 2021, the results of the deputy leadership ballot for the 2021 Alba Party Westminster leadership election are announcedKenny MacAskill is elected Deputy Leader of the Alba Party in the House of CommonsNeale Hanvey and Kenny MacAskill issue a joint statement pledging to focus on Scottish independence and to challenge Westminster’s policies on economic recovery and social issues2021 Alba Party Westminster leadership electionThe 2021 Alba Party Westminster leadership election takes place during a closed meeting of the Alba Party’s Westminster group on 28 March 2021 at 14:00 GMT in Committee Room 12 of the Palace of WestminsterNeale Hanvey, MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath, is nominated by Kenny MacAskill at 11:15 GMT on 27 March 2021, with the nomination seconded by Alex SalmondKenny MacAskill, MP for Lothian East, is nominated by Neale Hanvey at 11:30 GMT on 27 March 2021, with the nomination seconded by Laurie FlynnFor the deputy leadership, Kenny MacAskill is nominated by Neale Hanvey at 11:45 GMT on 27 March 2021, with the nomination seconded by Alex Salmond, and no other candidates are nominatedBoth candidates, Neale Hanvey and Kenny MacAskill, are confirmed as eligible by the interim convener at 12:30 GMT on 28 March 2021Formal Introduction of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchyFormal Introduction of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy is seconded by Jean-François DucosFirst Reading of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchyThe First Reading of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy sees Claude Basire, a deputy aligned with Georges Danton, caution at 10:45 AM that a discussion should precede any final decision to ensure procedural rigorThe First Reading of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy concludes with the Convention voting at 11:00 AM to refer the motion to a special committee for expedited review, recognizing the urgency of the situationThe special committee, chaired by Abbé Henri Grégoire, convenes immediately and concludes its deliberations by 11:30 AM, with Grégoire presenting a report asserting that discussion is unnecessaryReport Stage of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchyThe third reading of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy begins at 1:00 PM, followed immediately by a voteThe vote, conducted at 1:15 PM, is unanimous, with all 371 deputies present voting in favor, reflecting the Convention’s unified resolve, as no abstentions or oppositions are recordedThe Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy is formally adopted at 1:30 PM on 21 September 1792, declaring the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the French First RepublicProclamation of the abolition of the monarchyFormal Introduction of the Olympics Act 2005First Reading (Commons) of the Olympics Act 2005Second Reading (Commons) of the Olympics Act 2005Olympics Act 2005 is reffered to a Public Bill CommitteeThird Reading (Commons) of the Olympics Act 2005First Reading (Lords) of the Olympics Act 2005Second Reading (Lords) of the Olympics Act 2005Report Stage (Commons) of the Olympics Act 2005Report Stage (Lords) of the Olympics Act 2005Third Reading (Lords) of the Olympics Act 2005Consideration of Amendments of the Olympics Act 2005Olympics Act 2005 receives Imperial AssentThe Olympics Act 2005 requires the Minister for the Olympics to lay before each House of Parliament a report on the progress of preparations for the XXX Olympic Games and XIII Paralympic Games no later than 31 March each yearThe Olympics Act 2005 stipulates that the reporting obligation continues until 31 December 2012The Olympics Act 2005 establishes that the office of the Minister for the Olympics shall cease to exist on a date specified by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport by order, but no later than 31 December 2012The General Council of the Principality of Andorra establishes a Constitutional Commission, chaired by Josep Maria Beal, to draft a new governance framework that integrates traditional institutions with modern democratic principlesThe 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum presents the question to voters on 14 March 1993: Do you vote in favor of the draft Constitution of the Principality of Andorra, prepared in consultation with the services of the co-princes and adopted by the General Council in an extraordinary session on 2 February 1993?The 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum highlights that public debates are held in community centres across parishes, with notable events taking place in Escaldes-Engordany on 20 February 1993The 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum notes that public debates occur in community centres across parishes, featuring a significant event in La Massana on 25 February 1993The 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum certifies the results by the Electoral Board on 16 March 1993, showing that 4,903 votes (74.19%) are in favor, while 1,706 votes (25.81%) are against, with a total of 6,609 valid votes and a turnout of 75.74% from 9,123 registered votersThe Constitutional Commission presents a preliminary draft to the General Council of the Principality of Andorra for review, which is subsequently sent back for revisions following a debate that results in a vote of 20 in favor, 5 against, and 3 abstentionsThe General Council of the Principality of Andorra approves the revised draft for further refinement on 10 December 1992, with a vote of 22 in favor, 4 against, and 2 abstentionsIn an extraordinary session, the General Council of the Principality of Andorra adopts the final draft of the constitution after a structured six-hour debate, resulting in a vote of 24 in favor, 3 against, and 1 abstention, with the approved draft scheduled for public referendumThe 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum confirms that following the referendum's approval on 14 March 1993, the new constitution is formally promulgated on 28 April 1993 during a ceremony attended by the co-princes, the General Council of the Principality of Andorra, and international observersUnion Resolve 2022 is announced by the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of BelarusThe 2022 visit by the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation, Sergei Shoigu, to a military firing range in western Belarus on 3 February 2022, emphasizes the strategic importance of the exercises and the deepening military cooperation between Moscow and Minsk, following discussions with Belarusian Defence Minister Viktor Khrenin regarding the deployment of Russian forces and equipmentMaxar Technologies Inc. on 4 February 2022 reveals significant Russian military deployments at three locations in Belarus—Yelsk, Rechitsa, and Luninets—showing the presence of 15 Sukhoi Su-25 ground attack aircraft, an S-400 Triumf air defense system, SS-26 Iskander missiles, and multiple rocket launchers, raising alarms among Western analysts regarding the scale and intent of the exercises due to their proximity to Ukraine's borderMaxar Technologies, Inc. on 6 February 2022 confirms further Russian troop movements into Belarus, including the deployment of armored units, artillery, and logistical support near the Ukrainian borderAlexander Volfovich, State Secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Belarus, on 19 February 2022, states that Russian troops will remain in Belarus beyond the scheduled conclusion of Union Resolve 2022 on 20 FebruaryAlexander Volfovich on 19 February 2022 indicates that a "snap inspection" of forces will continue, with the duration to be determined by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, contradicting earlier assurances from Belarusian Foreign Minister Vladimir Makei on 15 February that all Russian troops and equipment would leave Belarus immediately after the exercisesThe Western intelligence reports from 19 February 2022 indicate that the Russian deployments are strategically positioned to support a potential multi-front offensive against Ukraine, with the presence of nuclear-capable Iskander missiles and advanced air defense systems escalating tensions by potentially neutralizing regional air forces and providing Russia with a significant strategic advantageState Duma of the Russian Federation on 8 February 2022 discusses the deployment of forces for Union Resolve 2022, where a motion to endorse the joint exercises is introduced under Robert’s Rules of Order by the Defence Committee, emphasizing the need to strengthen the Union State’s military capabilities in response to perceived external threats. The motion passes after a brief debate with 402 votes in favor, 12 against, and 36 abstentions out of 450 seatsThe Federation Council of the Russian Federation on 9 February 2022 of the State Duma’s resolution results in the unanimous adoption of the resolution, with all 170 senators voting in favor following a presentation by Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu. The resolution authorizes the deployment of Russian forces to Belarus and affirms the exercises as a critical component of national securityThe House of Representatives of the Republic of Belarus on 7 February 2022 addresses the upcoming military exercises, where a statement of support proposed by the Committee on National Security is debated under Robert’s Rules of Order. The statement describes Union Resolve 2022 as a necessary response to regional security challenges and is passed with 98 votes in favor, 8 against, and 4 abstentions out of 110 seatsCouncil of the Republic of the Republic of Belarus on 8 February 2022 sees the unanimous approval of the House of Representatives’ statement, with all 64 members voting in favor. The Council’s resolution underscores the importance of military cooperation with the Russian Federation and authorizes the use of Belarusian territory for the exercisesPolish Foreign Minister Zbigniew Rau on 20 February 2022 asserts that the Russian military presence in Belarus represents a “permanent shift” in regional security dynamics, prompting Poland to deploy additional troops to its eastern border and activate air defense systems in response to the S-400 deployment in BrestLatvian Defence Minister Artis Pabriks describes Belarus on 19 February 2022 as a “de facto extension of Russian military territory,” announcing plans to bolster Latvia’s border defenses with additional anti-tank and air defense systemsThe Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine calls for international condemnation of the exercises on 18 February 2022, citing the threat posed by Russian forces near Kyiv, while increasing its military readiness and deploying additional forces to its northern borderThe Imperial Parliament of the British Empire issues a statement expressing “grave concern” over the Russian buildup and authorizes the deployment of additional naval assets to the Baltic Sea to monitor regional developments.German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announces an increase in military aid to Ukraine, including anti-tank weapons and drones, in response to the perceived threat from the exercisesThe Statement of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus on the Conduct of the Joint Military Exercise Union Resolve 2022 commits to limited transparency in the exercise, including allowing observation by military attachés from select neighboring states to demonstrate its defensive natureThe Statement of the Imperial Parliament of the British Empire on the Russian-Belarusian Military Exercise Union Resolve 2022, effective 22 February 2022, authorizes the deployment of additional naval assets from the Imperial Navy to the Baltic Sea to monitor Russian and Belarusian military activities and ensure the security of maritime routes in the region. This deployment includes vessels equipped for surveillance and air defense, under the command of Admiral Sir Philip Andrew Jones, First Sea LordThe revolutionary ideologies articulated by thinkers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu—centered on natural rights, the social contract, and the separation of powers—has gained significant traction, fueling discontent with monarchical absolutism and colonial exploitationThe Atlantic Revolutions unfold across multiple continents, beginning with early stirrings in the mid-18th century and culminating in the independence of numerous nations by 4 December 1838The first glimmers of revolutionary activity appear on 1 November 1755, with the establishment of the Corsican Republic, which seeks to resist Genoese rule and establish a constitutional governmentFormal Introduction of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831The motion to introduce the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831 is seconded by the Whigs and carried without opposition by voice vote at 2:45 PM on 28 January 1831First Reading of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831The Speaker of the Imperial Parliament of the British Empire calls for a motion to proceed to the second reading for the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831, which passes unanimously by voice vote at 1:50 PM on 29 January 1831A divsion is called following the Second Reading of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831The Committee Stage of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831: Proposed Tory Amendment is tabled on 7 February 1831, when Tories propose an amendment requiring Leopold to consult the Empire on Belgian foreign policy, but it is rejected by a vote at 4:00 PM, as the Whigs argues it would infringe Belgian sovereignty.The Committee Stage of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831: Whig Party Amendment Accepted occurs on 8 February 1831, when the Whig Party amendment urging Leopold to uphold a liberal constitution is accepted by a voice vote at 3:30 PM. The committee concludes its review at 5:00 PM the same dayA division is called following the Third Reading of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831The Consideration of Minor Drafting Amendments to the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831 occurs on 14 February 1831 at 11:00 AM, when the Imperial Parliament considers minor drafting amendments to clarify the bill’s language, proposed by the Clerk of the Imperial ParliamentThe Adoption of Technical Changes to the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831 is achieved by voice vote at 11:30 AM on 14 February 1831, with these changes ensuring consistency with the London Conference protocols and adopted without debateBritish Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831 receives Imperial AssentThe Stationing of British Naval Forces in the Scheldt occurs until 15 August 1831, aimed at deterring Dutch aggression during the period of heightened tensionsThe British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831 mandates that the Imperial Government shall, as soon as reasonably practicable after the passing of this Act, transmit a copy of the Act to the Belgian National Congress and publish a notice of the declaration in the Imperial Gazette on or before the twenty-fifth day of February 1831The Initiation of Operation Zametil 2022 by the Armed Forces of Ukraine occurs on 10 February 2022, as the General Staff initiates the operation to test and strengthen the operational capabilities of its armed forces and other security components in preparation for potential defensive operationsThe Announcement of Operation Zametil 2022 by the Armed Forces of Ukraine is made on 9 February 2022 via a statement on their official Facebook page, as part of a broader intensification of Ukraine's military preparednessThe Oversight of Zametil 2022 Exercises by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy occurs on 16 February 2022, as he oversees a major component of the exercises at a training ground near the city of Rivne in western UkraineThe Overview of Operations at the Zametil 2022 Exercises by Colonel Andriy Melnik is provided on 16 February 2022, as he states, "We are using the whole spectrum of weaponry available to the commanders of the land troops—artillery, tanks, armored vehicles, anti-tank rockets, guns,"The Conclusion of the Rivne Exercises occurs on 17 February 2022, with a formal review attended by senior Ukrainian military officials and international observersThe Announcement of Snowstorm-2022 as Part of the Zametil 2022 Exercises is made by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on 9 February 2022 via a statement published by the National News Agency of Ukraine. This specific component focuses on command and staff exercises aimed at improving the management of troop groupings during combat operationsThe Initiation of Collective Training by a Battalion Tactical Group occurs on 12 February 2022, as a battalion tactical group from the Southern Operational-Territorial Association begins training focused on operations in urbanized conditions, simulating defensive actions in densely populated areasThe Observation of the Rivne Drills by Ukrainian Deputy Minister of Defense Hanna Malyar occurs on 17 February 2022, during which she issues a statement emphasizing the readiness of the Armed Forces, declaring, "We are fully ready to defend our state and we will defend it."The Follow-Up Statement by the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the Zametil 2022 Exercises is released on 18 February 2022 via social media, reaffirming that the exercises demonstrated Ukraine's ability to respond decisively to any security threatsThe Parliamentary Session on National Security and Defense occurs on 15 February 2022, during which members of the Verkhovna Rada's Committee on National Security, Defense, and Intelligence receive a briefing from military officials on the Zametil 2022 exercisesThe Statement by Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov During a Plenary Session occurs on 16 February 2022, where he affirms parliamentary support for the Armed Forces, stating, "The Verkhovna Rada stands united in supporting our military's efforts to ensure Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Zametil 2022 exercises are a testament to our readiness."The Signs of De-Escalation in Diplomatic Relations Between Ukraine and Belarus are observed on 16 February 2022, amid the Zametil 2022 exercises, as politicians in Kyiv and Minsk begin softening their public rhetoric, suggesting a possible thaw in tensionsThe Statement by Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs is issued on 17 February 2022, calling for continued diplomatic engagement with Belarus to prevent further escalation, while emphasizing the need for vigilance given the ongoing Russian military presence in the Republic of BelarusThe Confirmation of Russian Military Movements occurs on 14 February 2022, as intelligence reports confirm the movement of Russian Iskander-M ballistic missiles and additional armored units to border regions, intensifying fears of a potential invasionThe Statement by the British Empire on Russian Military Activities is issued on 15 February 2022, noting that Russia's claims of troop withdrawals are inconsistent with observed military activities, including the reinforcement of positions in Belarus and western RussiaThe Proposal by the Imperial Agricultural Board to Split the Vodka Category is introduced on 12 July 2005, aiming to create subcategories based on flavor profiles and raw materials. This initiative seeks to accommodate both traditional and innovative vodkas while maintaining market clarity, suggesting classifications such as "Cereal Vodka," "Potato Vodka," and "Other Vodka" to reflect diverse production methodsThe Debate on the Vodka Subcategory Proposal in the Imperial Parliament occurs on 20 September 2005, as the Committee on Trade and Agriculture discusses the proposalThe Vote on the Motion to Adopt the Vodka Subcategorization Framework takes place on 25 October 2005, as the Imperial Parliament considers the proposal for the new classificationsThe Joint Statement by Vodka Belt Countries and the Federal Kingdom of Germany is issued on 15 November 2005, advocating for a restricted vodka definitionThe parliamentary session on 20 December 2005 presents arguments advocating for a restricted vodka definition, emphasizing clarity and consistency, cultural heritage, and market protectionThe parliamentary hearing on 10 January 2006 features opponents of the vodka restriction, including the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and several non-Vodka Belt distillers, presenting their counterargumentsThe European Vodka Alliance represents the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Ireland in arguing on 15 January 2006 that a broad definition encourages innovation, enabling unique products like Cîroc to compete in the marketThe United States of America warns on 25 January 2006 that a restrictive vodka definition could hamper exports, potentially leading to retaliatory trade measures, a concern echoed by other non-Vodka Belt producers fearing exclusion from the imperial marketCritics, including representatives from Diageo, plc, argue on 5 February 2006 that the Vodka Belt’s push for restrictions is a thinly veiled attempt to monopolize the vodka market, marginalizing innovative producersThe Proposal by the Imperial Agricultural Board for a Regulatory Framework on Spirit Drinks is made on 10 January 2005, aiming to standardize definitions for spirit drinks, including vodka, to ensure consistency across the Empire’s markets. Traditionally, vodka is defined as "a spirit drink produced from ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin," a broad classification allowing for diverse raw materialsThe Argument by Vodka Belt Countries on Vodka Definition is presented on 25 February 2005, as the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Lithuania, and the Republic of Latvia contend that only spirits made exclusively from cereals, potatoes, or sugar beet molasses should be branded as vodka, citing centuries-old production methodsThe Launch of Diageo, plc’s Cîroc on 15 March 2005 intensifies the debate over vodka definitions, as the introduction of this spirit, made from grapes, challenges traditional perceptions of what constitutes vodkaThe Petition by Trade Associations in the Vodka Belt to the Imperial Parliament is submitted by 30 April 2005, formally requesting restrictions on the vodka definition, thereby escalating the issue into a broader imperial controversyOn 20 February 2006, Opposition Members of the Imperial Parliament, led by the Vodka Belt coalition and Germany, formally demand a restricted vodka definitionThe motion presented in the Imperial Parliament on 28 February 2006 calls for vodka to be defined as a spirit made exclusively from cereals, potatoes, or molasses, with no exceptions, and is debatedThe vote on the motion to define vodka as a spirit made exclusively from cereals, potatoes, or molasses, with no exceptions, is held on 5 March 2006On 10 November 2006, Horst Schnellhardt, an MIP from Germany, proposes a compromise to bridge the divideThe Schnellhardt Compromise, formally introduced on 15 December 2006, stipulates that vodkas made from cereals, potatoes, or molasses may be labeled simply as "vodka," while products made from other materials, such as grapes, must be labeled "Vodka produced from…" followed by the raw materialThe Imperial Parliament’s Environment Committee debates the Schnellhardt Compromise on 25 January 2007The Imperial Parliament’s Environment Committee adopts the Schnellhardt Compromise with a vote on 30 January 2007The Schnellhardt Compromise is viewed as a pragmatic solution, balancing tradition with innovation; however, negotiations with the Imperial Council of Agriculture Ministers, which begin on 10 February 2007, reveal lingering discontentOn 20 March 2007, Imperial Council of Agriculture Ministers propose amending the Schnellhardt Compromise to remove the requirement for prominent print size on non-traditional vodka labels, further diluting the restrictionOn 19 June 2007, the Imperial Parliament holds a final vote on the Schnellhardt Compromise, incorporating the Imperial Council of Agriculture Ministers’ amendmentsThe decision, following the final vote on the Schnellhardt Compromise, mandates that all vodka labels comply with the new regulations by 1 January 2008On 25 August 2007, the World Trade Organization (WTO) issues a preliminary statement indicating it will review the Imperial Parliament’s decision for compliance with international trade agreementsThe Imperial Council of Agriculture Ministers schedules a final debate and vote for 15 September 2007, with expectations of ratifying the Schnellhardt CompromiseBy 30 September 2007, several non-traditional vodka producers, including Diageo, begin rebranding their products to comply with the new labeling requirementsBy 31 December 2008, compliance with the new regulations is reported at 95% across the Empire’s vodka producersThe idea of export subsidies is first proposed during a meeting of the Imperial Agricultural Council in London on 15 March 1958The Imperial Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food presents a white paper titled "Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Measures" to the Imperial Parliament, outlining the need for export restitution to support traders and maintain the British Empire’s position as a leading agricultural exporter. The white paper emphasizes that without such subsidies, exporters would face significant losses, potentially destabilizing rural economies across the EmpireImperial Agricultural Payments Board is establishedExport licensing requirements are introduced on 15 February 1962 to prevent abuse of the Export restitution policyRandom audits of subsidy claims begin on 1 March 1962 to ensure transparency and compliance with Imperial trade regulations for the Export restitution policyExport restitution significantly bolsters the British Empire’s agricultural exports, which account for 25% of total export revenue by 1965By 1967, annual subsidy expenditures reach £700 million, prompting debates about fiscal sustainabilityOn 5 April 1966, the Imperial Parliament reviews the policy, with MIP Sarah Ngugi (Nairobi East) questioning the Minister of Agriculture, Sir Thomas Bradley, about the policy’s impact on global trade equity. Sir Thomas defends restitution, citing its role in maintaining Imperial food security, but acknowledges the need for reformA reform package is introduced on 10 June 1968, reducing subsidies for high-value commodities like sugar by 20% and redirecting funds to support diversification in colonial agricultureThe reform package is passed by a vote on 15 July 1968, aiming to address criticisms while preserving the Export restitution policy’s core objectivesRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto is launchedOn 1 November 2020, Douglas Ross announces the manifesto development process during a party conference in Edinburgh for Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifestoA Manifesto Drafting Committee, comprising 12 MSPs and 8 regional representatives, is established on 5 November 2020 to solicit policy ideas for Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifestoThe draft manifesto for Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, is presented to the Party Management Board on 1 February 2021A motion to proceed with the draft, introduced by Douglas Ross, is debated on 5 February 2021, with key points of contention including the feasibility of the £2 billion NHS funding pledge and the broadband rollout timelineThe final manifesto for Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, is submitted for approval at a special party convention on 15 April 2021 in GlasgowA two-hour debate ensues during the special party convention for Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, with amendments proposed to reduce the job creation target to 150,000 and delay the Cleaner Seas Fund to 1 April 2023On 16 April 2021, the convention votes on the adoption of Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, with 382 of 400 delegates voting in favor, 15 against, and 3 abstainingDouglas Ross holds 50 rallies across Scotland for Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, with the final event taking place in Aberdeen on 4 May 2021Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the restrictions put in place to manage the coronavirus pandemic have done severe damage to the economy, with 2020 witnessing the sharpest recession on record, causing the Scottish economy to shrink by a tenth.Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, cites the Scottish Fiscal Commission's estimates that the economy will not recover to pre-pandemic levels until 2024, with unemployment expected to almost double later this yearRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, highlights that in 2014, job creation and investment decisions were delayed because of the Independence ReferendumRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that to ensure businesses can continue to focus on protecting their staff and customers from coronavirus and on recovering from the pandemic, the party would delay the introduction of any new non-COVID related regulations on businesses to April 2023Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party would also maintain the poundage rate freeze until the 2023 revaluationRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that in addition, the party will ensure that businesses are not penalized through the 2023 revaluation process for measures taken to make their premises COVID-secureRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would undertake a wholesale review of the business rates system before the end of the ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that to incentivize lifelong learning, by 2023, the party will introduce a Right to Retrain Account for every single Scottish adult, containing £500 to be spent on training every yearRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that given the pressing need for digital skills in the economy, the party would ensure every single Scottish adult has basic digital skills by 2026Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party would expand the GlobalScot network to enhance Scotland’s international presence and exports, with the aim of doubling sign-ups by the end of the ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, notes that the SNP promised that their R100 superfast broadband rollout would be finished in 2021Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, highlights that despite the SNP's promise that their R100 superfast broadband rollout would be finished in 2021, they only signed the contract to deliver it in the north of the country at the end of the previous year, with the completion date now delayed to 2026Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would connect every single home and business property in Scotland to full fibre broadband by 2027Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party would increase R&D expenditure in Scotland to 2.4 percent of GDP by 2026Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the vast majority of businesses want to reduce emissions and contribute to Scotland's goal of achieving net zero by 2045, and they should be supported and encouraged by the government to do soRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that by the end of the Parliament, the party would seek to ensure that Scottish taxpayers do not pay higher income tax than those in the rest of the UK, while retaining the starter rate for low earnersRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the SNP’s target to phase out new petrol and diesel cars by 2032 will not be met unless action is stepped up nowRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that an ambitious new electric vehicle action plan is required to take Scotland into the next phase of the rollout and deliver a complete national charging infrastructure by 2025Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that in 2021, the party would invest £1 million in cycle proficiency training for adults and cycle repair vouchers to encourage more people to take up cyclingRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that in 2019, four in ten planning decisions appealed to SNP ministers had their original decision from the council overturnedRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that delivering energy efficiency in homes is an essential part of achieving the net zero target. The Scottish Conservatives amended the Fuel Poverty Act to ensure that the Scottish Government will support all fuel-poor households in reaching Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) C by 2030Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that taxes on the buying and selling of property in Scotland are among the highest in the world. The SNP’s decision to replace stamp duty with Land and Buildings Transaction Tax (LBTT) in 2015 further increased costs for homebuyersRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party's plans to pass on increases in the Scottish Government’s capital budget to councils would help them maintain existing school buildings. Additionally, the party would ensure that all promised funding for new buildings is allocated by September 2021 so that work can begin as soon as possibleRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party would also set up a £4 million Transition Fund to support children starting primary or secondary school in 2021Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that to improve PE provision within schools, the party would review the physical education training that teachers receive and introduce specialist PE teachers in primary schools by the end of the next ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the 1,140 hours of funded childcare promised to all 3- and 4-year-olds must be introduced in August 2021 without any further delay and must deliver the choice promised to parentsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that all parents who choose to defer their child starting primary school should be able to continue to access funded childcare from August 2021Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would support GPs by investing at least 11 percent of the overall NHS budget into general practice by the end of 2027, increasing training places to deliver the 800 more GPs promised by 2027 and ensuring all GPs are supported by a multidisciplinary teamRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that greater action is needed to achieve the 2034 target to reduce smoking rates to 5 percent, including an ambitious new strategy and increased enforcement of existing regulationsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, highlights that the existing court backlog at the start of 2020, compounded by COVID-19 restrictions, significantly worsens the judicial system's efficiencyRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that to effectively prepare prisoners for release, throughcare services, previously suspended by the SNP in 2019, must be accessible to all prisoners with support from specialist third sector providersRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, announces the launch of a national campaign this summer to promote the development and maintenance of healthy habits, aiming to improve Scotland’s public health as lockdown restrictions are easedRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, declares that this autumn, a national campaign will be launched, targeting schools, to challenge and change attitudes towards sexual harassmentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, acknowledges the vital role of nature in supporting individuals during the pandemic and honoring those who lost their lives to coronavirus; therefore, it commits to concentrating tree planting efforts over the next year on establishing COVID Memorial Gardens within communitiesRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, highlights that while the nature of crime may differ in rural and remote areas, it remains equally severe, noting that the cost of rural crime has more than doubled since 2017Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, criticizes the SNP for their delays, stating that despite promises to outline Scotland’s new agricultural policy by the end of 2020, farmers continue to await the necessary detailsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, insists that no more time should be wasted, as uncertainty regarding the new approach is causing farmers to delay investments in their businesses; therefore, it calls for a blueprint for consultation to be published within 100 days of the May election.Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the UK Government has committed to maintaining current funding levels until 2024, ensuring a stable backdrop for the development of the new agricultural policyRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, asserts that Scotland’s new agricultural policy must enable farmers to operate effectively while also supporting the sector in becoming more sustainable and achieving the Ambition 30 target, which aims for Scotland’s farming, fishing, and food and drink sectors to double their turnover by 2030Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, outlines that the proposed review will build on Ambition 2030, utilizing Scotland’s new agricultural policy as a foundation; it should be led by an independent figure and is expected to report by summer 2022Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, criticizes the SNP Government for their delay in accepting the full transfer of devolved benefits, noting that it will take nearly a decade, despite their 2014 promise that an independent Scotland would establish this in just 18 monthsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, commits to completing the rollout of the Scottish Child Payment and increasing payments to £20 per week by the end of the ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, declares that the issue of rough sleeping in Scotland is a national scandal that demands urgent action, which is why it is committed to eradicating rough sleeping by 2026Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, advocates for reducing the size of the Cabinet from 12 to 6 to lower the cost of politics and ensure the Scottish Government is fully focused on the task of rebuilding the country, mirroring the SNP's actions in 2007, and supports implementing a cap on the number of ministers and advisersBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that the title was announced on 10 January 2024, reflecting the party’s campaign slogan and its critique of the political establishmentBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, outlines that the 34-page document, published on 26 January 2024, is organized around a ten-point programme that emphasizes economic radicalism, social conservatism, and an anti-imperialist foreign policyBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, indicates that the process began at the 2023 congress (15–17 September 2023), where a motion to draft a general election manifesto was proposed by deputy leader Chris Williamson on 15 September 2023Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the motion to draft a general election manifesto passed unanimously on 16 September 2023, with 250 delegates in attendanceBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that the Manifesto Committee, chaired by deputy leader Andy Hudd, was established on 18 September 2023Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that drafts were circulated to party branches on 15 December 2023, with feedback expected by 5 January 2024Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, confirms that feedback on the circulated drafts was due by 5 January 2024, following their distribution to party branches on 15 December 2023Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, records that on 20 January 2024, George Galloway moved to adopt the title Britain Deserves Better, seconded by deputy leader Peter FordBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that on 20 January 2024, a motion to prioritize council housing over private development was proposed by Manchester delegate Shahbaz Sarwar and adopted by a vote of 210–40Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that on 21 January 2024, a motion to include a monarchy referendum was proposed by Birmingham delegate Joti Brar and adopted by a vote of 225–25Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, confirms that the final manifesto was approved on 21 January 2024 by a vote of 235–15, with George Galloway delivering a closing speech that emphasized the document’s role in challenging the “political establishment.”Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, announces that the manifesto was published on 26 January 2024Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, confirms that the manifesto was distributed to members and candidates by 31 January 2024Launch of Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifestoBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that the launch was promoted on social media, with the WPB’s official account posting a link to the manifesto on 19 June 2024 at 18:45 BSTCommunist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist) endorses Britain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifestoBBC reports on 19 June 2024 that the WPB’s nuclear disarmament plan was central to its financial strategy but lacked specificity on implementationRafael Holmberg, writing for Politics.co.uk on 25 June 2024, argues that George Galloway’s rhetorical style, which included references to Freud during the launch, signaled a shift towards a new form of political discourseLabour figures, including former leader Neil Kinnock, dismisses George Galloway as a “chancer,” accusing the Workers Party of Britain of exploiting voter discontentFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, outlines the initiation of a policy consultation process by Plaid Cymru’s National Executive Committee (NEC) on 15 January 2024 to develop the manifestoFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, details the establishment of a Manifesto Working Group (MWG) by the National Executive Committee, chaired by Rhun ap Iorwerth, which includes 12 members comprising elected representatives, policy experts, and grassroots activists, with its first meeting taking place on 20 January 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, confirms the continuation of regional consultation sessions with a public meeting in Cardiff on 27 January 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, reports on regional consultation sessions, including a public meeting in Bangor on 1 February 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, details regional consultation sessions, featuring a public meeting in Swansea on 8 February 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, highlights the final regional consultation sessions, including a public meeting in Wrexham on 13 February 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, announces the completion of a draft manifesto by the Manifesto Working Group on 28 February 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, details the circulation of the draft manifesto to party branches for feedback by 5 March 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, is formally presented to the Plaid Cymru National Conference in Aberystwyth on 12 March 2024, in accordance with Robert’s Rules of Order as adopted by the party’s constitutionFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, announces the approval of the final manifesto by a vote of 412 in favour, 23 opposed, and 15 abstentions at 3:15 PM GMT, with 450 delegates presentFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, confirms that the approved document is published online on the Plaid Cymru website on 14 March 2024For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto is launchedFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, includes a response from the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) on 13 June 2024, cautioning that a needs-based funding model might reduce Wales’ funding by approximately £1 billion annually, as current funding exceeds relative need compared to EnglandFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, notes an analysis by the BBC on 13 June 2024, highlighting the manifesto's pragmatic tone on independence and ambitious environmental goals, while questioning the feasibility of the 2035 net-zero target given Wales’ lag in emissions reductionFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, supports the introduction of biodiversity targets to halt biodiversity decline by 2030For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, aims to ensure substantive recovery of biodiversity by 2050For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, highlights that only 1% of UK Government capital spend is on railways in Wales, reflecting both current and historical underspend, while London and major cities in Scotland were connected by electrified railway more than fifty years agoFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, commits to raising the status of and allocating additional funding for Prosiect 2050 to create a million Welsh speakers by 2050The Imperial Government, through the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, formally proposes the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) as a Regulation to create a standardized legal entity for limited liability companiesThe proposal for the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) was referred to the Imperial Parliament's Committee on Commerce and Legal Affairs for reviewThe committee held its first reading on September 15, 2008, where it debated the potential economic benefits of the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) against concerns about its impact on national labor laws, particularly regarding workers' co-determination rights, which were strongly protected in member states like the Federal Kingdom of GermanyFollowing extensive consultations, the Imperial Parliament adopted several amendments to the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) proposal on March 10, 2009, during its second readingThe proposal for the Societas privata Europaea is amended by the Imperial Parliament on March 10, 2009, during its second reading, with changes proposed by the Committee on Commerce and Legal Affairs aimed at shareholder protections and clarifying the role of national law in governing SPE operations, provisions for a general buy-out remedy for shareholders and safeguards for compliance with national employee participation rules, before being sent back to the Imperial Government for further considerationSocietas privata Europaea (SPE) is initially slated for implementation across European member states by July 1, 2010On January 12, 2011, the Imperial Government announced that the implementation of the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) would be postponed to July 1, 2011, to allow for further negotiations with member statesThe implementation of the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) is scheduled for July 1, 2011, but is not yet realizedBy January 15, 2014, opposition within the Imperial Parliament had intensified, particularly from members representing labor interests regarding the Societas privata Europaea (SPE)Committee on Commerce and Legal Affairs issued a report on February 1, 2014, highlighting concerns that the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) could undermine workers’ co-determination rights, which are a cornerstone of labor law in several member statesOn March 20, 2014, the Imperial Parliament held a final debate on the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) proposal, conducted under Robert’s Rules of Order, as was standard for parliamentary procedureA motion to advance the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) regulation to a final vote is introduced by the Committee Chair, Sir Edmund Langley. The motion is debated for three hours, facing significant opposition from left-wing parties, which argued that the SPE lacked sufficient safeguards for employees. The motion is ultimately defeated in a vote on March 21, 2014Following the defeat, the Imperial Government announces the withdrawal of the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) proposal on April 10, 2014. In a statement, the Minister of Commerce expressed regret but acknowledged that "consensus could not be reached without compromising the integrity of national labor protections."Societas privata Europaea (SPE) proposal was accompanied by a detailed impact assessment, published on June 30, 2008, which estimated that the SPE could save SMEs up to £10,000 annually in administrative costs and increase cross-border trade by 15% within five yearsOn January 30, 2014, a coalition of parliamentarians, led by Lady Margaret Voss, submitted a petition with 150,000 signatures from trade unions across member states, urging the Imperial Government to prioritize labor protectionsThe petition, submitted by a coalition of parliamentarians led by Lady Margaret Voss, is debated in Parliament on February 10, 2014, further galvanizing opposition to the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) proposal and highlighting concerns regarding labor protectionsGerman MIPs, in particular, cited the success of the mini-GmbH, which had seen over 50,000 registrations by December 31, 2013, as evidence that national solutions were sufficient to meet the needs of businesses without the need for the Societas privata Europaea (SPE) framework.Announced on April 9, 2014, by the Imperial Government, the Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal sought to reduce administrative, legal, and cost barriers for single-member companies. It proposes a standardized company form with a minimum capital requirement of £1 (or equivalent in local currencies), electronic registration, a uniform template for articles of association, and provisions for creditor protection through balance sheet tests and solvency declarationsSocietas unius personae is formally tabled by the Imperial GovernmentThe Committee on Commerce and Legal Affairs begins its review of the Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal on May 21, 2015The Committee on Commerce and Legal Affairs adopts a general approach to the SUP proposal on May 28, 2015, introducing amendments to address concerns about creditor protection and the feasibility of online registrationThe Societas unius personae (SUP) directive is introduced to the Imperial Parliament on September 12, 2016, with a debate spanning three daysA motion to advance the Societas unius personae proposal to the Committee Stage is put to a vote on September 14, 2016, and narrowly passesThe Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal is referred to the Imperial Commerce and Legal Affairs Committee on October 3, 2016, for detailed scrutinyOn March 15, 2017, the Imperial Commerce and Legal Affairs Committee issues a report on the Societas unuis personae proposal recommending amendments to strengthen creditor protections, including stricter solvency tests and potential personal liability for directors in cases of improper distributions, addressing concerns raised during the first readingThe amended Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal returns to the Imperial Parliament for a second reading on June 20, 2017On June 22, 2017, a vote is held to move the SUP proposal to a final reading, passing with a razor-thin majorityThe Imperial Government intends to withdraw the Societas unius personae as announced in the 2018 Work ProgrammeThe formal withdrawal of the Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal is enacted on July 3, 2018, when the Imperial Government publishes its decision in the Imperial Gazette, effectively terminating the legislative processCritics argued on May 30, 2015, that the Societas unius personae (SUP) directive violated the principle of subsidiarity, asserting that company law should remain a national prerogativeThe minimal capital requirement of £1 of Societas unius personae was a major point of contention, with MIPs warning on September 13, 2016, that it could undermine creditor confidenceLegal scholars, such as Professor Corrado Malberti, caution in a paper published on August 1, 2015, that the Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal risked disrupting established imperial company law frameworksBusiness associations, particularly from industrial regions, expressed concerns during a public consultation held on November 10, 2014, that the Societas unius personae (SUP)’s simplified structure might lead to abuse by unscrupulous entrepreneursConversely, SMEs and trade groups from the Eastern member states, in a statement on December 15, 2014, supported the Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal, citing its potential to reduce costs and bureaucratic hurdlesDespite its withdrawal, the Societas unius personae (SUP) proposal influenced subsequent debates on company law reform, with the Imperial Commerce Committee issuing a report on September 10, 2019, calling for renewed efforts to support SMEs through alternative mechanismsThe Societas unius personae (SUP)’s emphasis on electronic registration and minimal capital requirements inspired reforms in several member jurisdictions. For example, on March 1, 2020, the Eastern member states implement a simplified online registration system for single-member companies, citing the SUP as a modelDirective (IMP) 2014/212 of 9 April 2014 on the Establishment of Single-Member Private Limited Liability Companies (Societas Unius Personae) within the British Empire mandates that member jurisdictions shall establish, by 1 July 2016, an electronic registration system allowing the formation of an SUP without the physical presence of the single memberMember jurisdictions shall adopt and publish, by 1 July 2016, the laws, regulations, and administrative provisions necessary to comply with Directive (IMP) 2014/212 on the Establishment of Single-Member Private Limited Liability Companies (Societas Unius Personae)Directive (IMP) 2014/212 of 9 April 2014 on the Establishment of Single-Member Private Limited Liability Companies (Societas Unius Personae) within the British Empire states that member jurisdictions shall communicate to the Imperial Government the text of the measures referred to in paragraph 1 by 31 December 2016Regulation (IMP) 2008/412 of 25 June 2008 on the Establishment of a European Private Company (Societas Privata Europaea) within the British Empire mandates that member jurisdictions shall establish, by 1 July 2010, an electronic registration system allowing the formation of an SPE without the physical presence of shareholdersRegulation (IMP) 2008/412 of 25 June 2008 on the Establishment of a European Private Company (Societas Privata Europaea) within the British Empire states that member jurisdictions shall adopt and publish, by 1 July 2010, the laws, regulations, and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this RegulationRegulation (IMP) 2008/412 of 25 June 2008 on the Establishment of a European Private Company (Societas Privata Europaea) within the British Empire states that member jurisdictions shall communicate to the Imperial Government the text of the measures referred to in paragraph 1 by 31 December 2010The Vodka Definition and Labelling Act 2007 states that all producers, distributors, and importers of vodka within the Imperial Market shall comply with the labelling requirements set forth in Section 3 by 1 January 2008The Vodka Definition and Labelling Act 2007 states that the Imperial Council of Agriculture Ministers shall review the impact of this Act on trade within the Imperial Market annually, commencing on 1 January 2009, and report findings to the Imperial ParliamentThe Vodka Definition Restriction Act 2006 states that all producers, distributors, and importers of spirit drinks within the Imperial Market shall comply with the definition and labelling requirements set forth in Sections 3 and 4 by 1 January 2007The Vodka Definition Restriction Act 2006 states that the Imperial Agricultural Board shall promote awareness of traditional vodka production through educational campaigns within the Imperial Market, commencing no later than 31 December 2006The Vodka Definition Restriction Act 2006 states that the Imperial Council of Agriculture Ministers shall conduct a review of the Act’s impact on the Imperial Market and international trade by 31 December 2007, with a report to be submitted to the Imperial ParliamentThe Preliminary Statement of the World Trade Organization on the Review of the British Empire’s Vodka Labelling Regulations states that the WTO will consider the concerns raised by the United States of America and other non-Vodka Belt producers regarding potential restrictions on market access, including the risk of retaliatory trade measures, as noted on 25 January 2006 during parliamentary hearingsThe Preliminary Statement of the World Trade Organization on the Review of the British Empire’s Vodka Labelling Regulations acknowledges the Imperial Council of Agriculture Ministers’ scheduling of a final debate and vote on the Schnellhardt Compromise for 15 September 2007, with expectations of ratificationThe Preliminary Statement of the World Trade Organization on the Review of the British Empire’s Vodka Labelling Regulations states that a preliminary report on the findings of this review will be issued by 31 December 2007, with a final determination to follow after further consultations, if necessaryAgricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 receives Imperial AssentThe Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 establishes the Imperial Agricultural Payments Board, which commences operations on 10th January 1962, to enhance agricultural support and stabilityThe Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 mandates the Imperial Agricultural Payments Board to calculate the rate of export restitution for each regulated commodity on or before the 5th day of each month, starting from 5th February 1962, based on the difference between specified factorsThe Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 requires the Imperial Agricultural Payments Board to publish monthly subsidy rates in the Imperial Gazette by the 10th day of each month, starting from 10th February 1962The Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 mandates the Secretary of State for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food to lay before the Imperial Parliament, on or before 1st March each year starting from 1st March 1963, a report detailing the total amount of subsidies paid in the preceding year, the impact of subsidies on Imperial agricultural exports, and any recommendations for adjustments to the schemeThe Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 prohibits any agricultural trader from exporting a regulated commodity without a licence issued by the Imperial Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, effective from 15th February 1962The Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 requires that regulations under this section be laid before the Imperial Parliament within 14 days of their making, starting from 15th February 1962, and be subject to annulment by resolution of the ParliamentThe Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 mandates the Imperial Agricultural Payments Board to conduct random audits of subsidy claims, commencing 1st March 1962, to ensure compliance with the provisions of this ActThe Agricultural Trade Stabilisation Act 1962 requires the Imperial Agricultural Payments Board to submit a report on the operation of export restitution to the Secretary of State on or before 31st December each year, commencing 31st December 1962The Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 establishes a committee, known as the Imperial Export Subsidy Committee, which commences operations on May 1, 1958The Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 establishes that the Imperial Export Subsidy Committee shall, on or before the 10th day of each month, commencing May 10, 1958, calculate the rate of export subsidies for each commodity based on the difference between the internal price determined by the Imperial Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food and the average global market price for the preceding month, as reported by commodity exchanges in the City of London and the City of ChicagoThe Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 mandates that the Imperial Export Subsidy Committee shall publish subsidy rates in the Imperial Gazette no later than the 15th day of each month, commencing May 15, 1958The Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 stipulates that the Secretary of State for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food shall, on or before February 1 of each year, commencing February 1, 1959, lay before the Imperial Parliament a report detailing the total amount of subsidies paid in the preceding year, the impact of subsidies on Imperial agricultural exports and domestic price stability, and any recommendations for the continuation or amendment of the schemeThe Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 states that no agricultural trader shall export a commodity eligible for subsidies without a licence issued by the Imperial Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, effective from May 1, 1958The Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 mandates that regulations under this section shall be laid before the Imperial Parliament within 14 days of their making, commencing May 1, 1958, and shall be subject to annulment by resolution of the Imperial ParliamentThe Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 establishes that the Imperial Export Subsidy Committee shall conduct audits of subsidy claims, commencing June 1, 1958, to ensure compliance with this ActThe Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 requires that the Imperial Export Subsidy Committee shall, on or before December 31 of each year, commencing December 31, 1958, submit to the Secretary of State a report on the operation of export subsidiesThe Agricultural Export Support Bill 1958 states that this Act shall come into force on April 15, 1958, except where otherwise provided; however, it is noted that the bill was not passedThe Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) is established on September 15, 1978, at a meeting in London’s Conway Hall, attended by approximately 200 Labour Party activistsThe Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) formally endorses Tony Benn’s campaign for the deputy leadership of the Labour Party against Denis Healey on July 20, 1981The Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) executive, meeting in Manchester on October 10, 1981, issues a resolution calling for “strategic unity” to prevent further splitsThe Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) publishes a pamphlet titled "Rebuilding Labour" on November 5, 1981, calling for organisational reform and a broader electoral appealUnder Neil Kinnock’s leadership, elected on October 2, 1983, the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) aligns with efforts to expel the Militant tendencyThe formation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) on March 26, 1981, by defecting Labour moderates (the "Gang of Four") further destabilizes the Labour Party, prompting the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) to reconsider its hard-left stanceOn February 22, 1983, the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC), with the support of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC), expels five prominent Militant members, including Ted GrantThe Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) formalizes its role in this campaign at a strategy meeting on March 10, 1983, where it commits to supporting Neil Kinnock’s reformsRobin Cook, who becomes the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC)’s leading parliamentary voice on September 10, 1983, delivers a keynote address advocating for a professionalised campaign structureCherie Booth (later Cherie Blair) is elected to the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) executive on September 10, 1983, shaping the conference’s reformist toneHarriet Harman, a key member from June 15, 1985, also contributes to shaping the conference’s reformist tone within the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC)On September 20, 1988, the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) supports John Prescott’s challenge to deputy leader Roy Hattersley at the Labour Party Conference. Prescott, backed by the LCC’s 2,000-strong membership, secures 23.7% of the vote but loses to HattersleyThe expulsion of remaining Militant members on December 12, 1989, leaves the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) without a clear purposeMembership of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) declines from 2,500 on January 1, 1988By January 15, 1990, membership of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee further decreases to 1,600To remain relevant, the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) launches Renewal, a quarterly discussion journal, on April 10, 1993, edited by Paul Thompson and Harriet Harman. Renewal advocates for modernising policies, including economic competitiveness, social inclusion, and devolution. The journal’s launch marks the LCC’s transition from the soft left to a fully modernising faction, aligning with John Smith’s leadership (elected July 18, 1992) and later Tony Blair’s New Labour visionFollowing Tony Blair’s election as Labour leader on July 21, 1994, the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) becomes a central pillar of the New Labour projectAt its annual general meeting on September 10, 1994, in London, the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) endorses Blair’s proposal to revise Clause IV of the Labour Party constitutionThe Labour Party’s victory in the 1997 United Kingdom general election on May 1, 1997, securing 285 seats, fulfills the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC)’s modernisation goalsOn May 15, 1998, the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC)’s executive, meeting in Westminster, proposes dissolution, arguing that its objectives have been achievedA special meeting on June 5, 1998, in Manchester, attended by 350 members, debates the motion for dissolution under Robert’s Rules of Order. The motion, moved by Peter Hain and seconded by Harriet Harman, passes with 310 votes in favour and 40 againstThe Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) is formally dissolvedThe Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC)'s remaining funds (£15,000) are transferred to the Labour Party on June 15, 1998The Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) establishes regional branches, with the London branch, established on October 10, 1978, being the largestThe Manchester branch of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) is formed on February 5, 1979The Leeds branch of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) is formed on March 10, 1979Membership of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) peaks at 2,500 in 1988By 1998, the annual fee for membership of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) rises to £15In 1978, membership of the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC) is open to Labour Party members for an annual fee of £5Renewal, launched on April 10, 1993, reaches 2,200 subscribers by May 1, 1997, and serves as the Labour Co-ordinating Committee (LCC)’s intellectual platformPizza Club is establishedThe Pizza Club meeting is prompted by the failure of the Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, Dominic Raab, to secure a favorable deal in Brussels on October 14, 2018, intensifying concerns among Eurosceptics about the direction of negotiations. This initial gathering lays the groundwork for a series of strategic meetings aimed at reshaping the government’s Brexit strategyFollowing its formation on October 16, 2018, the Pizza Club quickly becomes a focal point for Eurosceptic resistance within the Cabinet of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandOn October 17, 2018, the Pizza Club meets again to strategize on how to pressure Prime Minister May into renegotiating the draft withdrawal agreement, particularly to address the Irish backstop, which they view as a mechanism that could trap the UK in a customs unionThe ministers publicly express support for Prime Minister May while privately seeking amendments to make the deal “winnable and supportable” in Parliament. Their efforts are complicated by the resignations of two senior ministers, Dominic Raab and Esther McVey (Secretary of State for Work and Pensions), on November 15, 2018, which heightens political instability and emboldens the Pizza Club’s resolve to influence the Brexit processOn November 12, 2018, the Pizza Club convenes for drinks in Liam Fox’s office to discuss concerns about the customs backstop ahead of a critical Cabinet meeting on November 13, 2018On November 13, 2018, the Pizza Club participates in a critical Cabinet meeting to address concerns about the customs backstop and the draft withdrawal agreement.The Pizza Club, joined temporarily by the Attorney General for England and Wales, Geoffrey Cox, aims to coordinate a unified stance to push Prime Minister May toward renegotiating the withdrawal agreement before its presentation at the EU Council summit on November 25, 2018Andrea Leadsom emphasizes that the UK “must not be trapped in a customs union,” advocating for technological solutions to avoid a hard border in IrelandOn March 12, 2019, the Pizza Club meets to coordinate opposition to a proposed long extension of the Brexit process beyond the original deadline of March 29, 2019, which Prime Minister May had promised as the UK’s exit dateOn March 29, 2019, the UK was originally scheduled to exit the European Union, a deadline that Prime Minister Theresa May had promised, and the Pizza Club was actively involved in discussions surrounding this dateA meeting follows Parliament’s rejection of Prime Minister May’s withdrawal agreement on January 15, 2019, by a historic margin, with 118 Conservative MPs, including many aligned with the Pizza Club’s views, voting against the dealBy May 2019, the Pizza Club intensifies its efforts to derail Prime Minister Theresa May’s Brexit strategyOn May 21, 2019, the Pizza Club, led by Andrea Leadsom, meets to discuss the upcoming vote on the Withdrawal Agreement Bill (WAB), scheduled for early June 2019On May 22, 2019, political journalist Robert Peston reports that the Pizza Club, split on tactics, urges Prime Minister May to cancel the vote, arguing it is doomed to fail due to widespread opposition, including from within the CabinetThe pressure culminates in Andrea Leadsom’s resignation as Leader of the House of Commons on May 22, 2019, citing her belief that Prime Minister May’s plan, supported by the Pizza Club, would not deliver a “truly sovereign United Kingdom” and objecting to the inclusion of a potential second referendumThe cancellation of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill (WAB) vote on May 23, 2019, marks a significant victory for the Pizza Club’s campaign against Prime Minister May’s Brexit approachOn January 15, 2019, the Pizza Club's opposition to the withdrawal agreement contributes to its rejection in the House of Commons during the first “meaningful vote” under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018On May 23, 2019, the government’s legislative strategy is disrupted as Andrea Leadsom was due to announce the bill’s timetable following her resignation as Leader of the House of Commons on May 22, 2019The Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC), responsible for drafting party policy, begins preparing the manifesto framework as early as January 2017, anticipating a possible electionThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC), chaired by Duncan Brack, initiates policy consultations in January 2017On January 15, 2017, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) issues a call for policy submissions from party members, local branches, and associated organizationsThe deadline for policy submissions to the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) is set for February 28, 2017, as part of the preparation for the Change Britain's Future manifestoOn March 4, 2017, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) holds a regional consultation meeting in Manchester to refine proposalsOn March 11, 2017, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) holds a regional consultation meeting in Bristol to refine proposalsOn March 12, 2017, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) holds a regional consultation meeting in Edinburgh to refine proposalsThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that on April 20, 2017, following the snap election announcement, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) convenes an emergency session to prioritize policiesThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that on April 22, 2017, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) adopts a motion by a vote of 18 in favor and 2 abstentions to center the manifesto around a second referendum on any Brexit deal, with an option to remain in the EU, and to emphasize progressive domestic policiesThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that on May 6, 2017, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) presents the draft manifesto, titled Change Britain's Future, to approximately 1,500 delegates. Key debates focus on the Brexit referendum proposal and housing policiesThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that on May 6, 2017, an amendment to strengthen commitments to mental health funding, proposed by the Young Liberals, is adopted by a show of hands, with an estimated 80% in favorThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that on May 7, 2017, the final manifesto text is put to a vote. Following a 90-minute debate, the conference approves the manifesto by a standing vote of 1,342 in favor, 87 against, and 71 abstentions, meeting the two-thirds majority required under party rules. The process is overseen by the Federal Conference Committee, ensuring compliance with procedural fairness and transparencyThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the official launch of Change Britain's Future takes place on May 17, 2017, at the National Liberal Club in London. The event is attended by over 200 journalists, party members, and supportersThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the launch is livestreamed on the Liberal Democrats’ website and social media platforms, with a tweet from the official Liberal Democrats account at 10:17 BST on May 17, 2017, announcing the manifesto’s release.The 2017 Liberal Democrats manifesto launch faces minor controversy when Tim Farron is questioned about his personal views on LGBT rights, prompted by his Christian faith. On May 17, 2017, he clarifies that he supports equal rights and does not view being gay or engaging in gay sex as sinful, addressing concerns raised earlier in the campaignChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, emphasizes that to be clear, Theresa May’s Conservative Party is on course to win this election. It warns that unless the Liberal Democrats make a stand, the Conservatives will walk away with a landslide, risking the reinforcement of the arrogance and heartlessness with which May has governed for the last 10 months, backed by a majority that no government has had for 20 yearsChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that our longer-term objective will be to bring together NHS and social care into one seamless service – pooling budgets in every area by 2020 and developing integrated care organisationsChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states to move towards single place-based budgets for health and social care by 2020, allowing local areas to decide how best to provide the full spectrum of care for their communityChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that but now the Conservatives want to take us back 50 years, to an outdated system of grammar schools and secondary moderns, ignoring all the research and expert advice that show it will damage the life chances of so many childrenChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states to raise the quality of early years provision and aim for every formal early years setting to employ at least one person who holds an early years teacher qualification by 2022Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states to guarantee that all teachers in state-funded schools will be fully qualified or working towards qualified teacher status (QTS) from January 2019Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states to introduce a clear and properly funded entitlement to genuinely high-quality professional development for all teachers – 25 hours per year by 2020, rising to the OECD average of 50 hours by 2025Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states to introduce a clear and properly funded entitlement to genuinely high-quality professional development for all teachers – rising to the OECD average of 50 hours by 2025Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states to aim to meet all basic skills needs including literacy, numeracy, and digital skills by 2030Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, outlines the commitment to eliminate the deficit on day-to-day spending by 2020 to control the national debt, with a focus on borrowing only to investChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, announces new direct spending on housebuilding to facilitate the construction of 300,000 homes annually by 2022Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, invests to ensure that broadband connections and services provided before 2020 achieve speeds of 2 Gbps or more, with fibre to the premises (FTTP) as standard and unlimited usage across the entire UK, prioritizing SMEs in the roll-out of hyperfast broadbandChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to investing to ensure that by 2020, broadband connections and services provide speeds of 2 Gbps or more, with fibre to the premises (FTTP) as standard and unlimited usage across the whole of the UK, prioritizing SMEs in the roll-out of hyperfast broadbandhange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, reflects on the consensus that emerged eighteen months ago regarding the urgent need to address the perils of climate change seriouslyChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, ensures that by 2022, four million properties receive insulation retrofits, prioritizing fuel-poor householdsChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that this year, London exceeded its annual air pollution target in just five daysChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, proposes a diesel scrappage scheme and a ban on the sale of diesel cars and small vans in the UK by 2025The Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to passing a Zero-Carbon Britain Act to establish new legally binding targets to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2040Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to passing a Zero-Carbon Britain Act to set new legally binding targets to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to zero by 2050Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, aims to expand renewable energy by generating 60% of electricity from renewables by 2030. This includes restoring government support for solar PV and onshore wind in appropriate locations to help meet climate targets at the least cost, as well as building more electricity interconnectors to support this increased reliance on renewable energy sourcesChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to passing a new Green Buildings Act to establish new energy-efficiency targets, including a long-term ambition for every home in England to achieve at least an energy rating of Band C by 2035Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, ensures that by 2022, at least four million homes are made highly energy efficient (Band C), prioritizing fuel-poor households in this initiativeChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, restores the zero-carbon standard for new homes, which was established by the Liberal Democrats in government and subsequently abandoned by the Conservatives, with plans to increase the standard steadily and extend it to non-domestic buildings by 2022Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, continues to back new entrants to the energy market, aiming for at least 30% of the household market to be supplied by competitors to the ‘Big 6’ by 2022Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, establishes a statutory waste recycling target of 70% in England and commits to extending separate food waste collections to at least 90% of homes by 2022Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, sets a housebuilding target of 300,000 homes a year by 2022, which includes half a million affordable and energy-efficient homes, with direct government commissioning implemented where the market fails to deliverChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to directly building homes to fill the gap left by the market, aiming to reach a housebuilding target of 300,000 homes a year through a government commissioning programme for homes for sale and rent, ensuring that half a million affordable, energy-efficient homes are built by the end of the parliamentChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, ensures that by 2022, every property in the UK is provided with a superfast broadband connection featuring a download speed of 30 Mbps, an upload speed of 6 Mbps, and an unlimited usage capChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, funds more extensive childcare and provides better back-to-work support to achieve the ambitious goal of one million more women in work by 2025Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that after years of reduction in traditional crime, there has been an increase, particularly in violent crime, since 2015Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, emphasizes the need for coherence in the rapidly changing landscape and commits to establishing a UK constitutional convention, composed of representatives from political parties, academia, civic society, and the public, tasked with producing a full, codified constitution for the UK, with a report due within two yearsChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to abolishing the economically distorting tolls on the Severn Bridge to help create jobs and boost growth in Wales, following the recoupment of costs in 2018Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, outlines the formation of a policy committee on 10 January 2017, which includes key members such as Peter Nuttall, deputy leader Suzanne Evans, and education spokesperson David Kurten, to draft the manifestoBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, details the National Executive Committee's meeting on 28 April 2017 to review the draft manifestoBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reports that on 29 April 2017, a motion to adopt the draft was moved by Paul Oakden and seconded by David Kurten, passing with 12 votes in favor, 3 against, and 2 abstentionsBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, announces the presentation of the final manifesto to UKIP’s membership at a closed conference in London on 15 May 2017Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that the vote held on 16 May 2017 resulted in 85% approval, with approximately 320 of 375 attendees voting in favor, although critics within the party, including MIP Jonathan Arnott, later describe the document as “bland” and “insipid” for omitting key 2015 policies such as education funding commitmentsBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, is officially launched on 25 May 2017 at a press conference in central London, hosted by Paul NuttallBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, explains that the launch event, initially scheduled for 24 May 2017, is postponed due to the Manchester Arena bombing on 22 May 2017, which prompts most parties to suspend campaigningBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that UKIP’s decision to resume campaigning on 25 May 2017, earlier than other parties, draws criticism for insensitivity, but is defended by Nuttall as necessary to uphold the democratic processBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, recounts that on 26 April 2017, the National Executive Committee faces a motion to moderate the manifesto’s language on cultural integration, proposed by Suzanne Evans and seconded by MIP Bill EtheridgeBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights organizational challenges as Nuttall admits during an ITV debate on 6 June 2017 that he has not reviewed the final manifesto draft, prompting criticism from Arnott, who describes the document as poorly preparedBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reflects on the last general election, stating that leaving the European Union was UKIP’s dream. It emphasizes the production of the UK’s first fully costed and independently verified manifesto, outlining a vision of a strong and democratic Britain as an independent, sovereign nation. With Article 50 triggered, the manifesto expresses hope that this dream will become a reality within the next two yearsBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, details that the £35 billion allocated to finance public spending priorities will come from reasonable cuts to the foreign aid budget, scrapping HS2, amending the Barnett Formula, and the savings anticipated in two years’ time by leaving the EUBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to investing an extra £11 billion every year into the NHS and social care by the end of the next parliament, raising caps on medical school and nurse training places, and increasing funding for mental health and dementia careBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, asserts that if Theresa May signs a withdrawal agreement that allows the UK to leave in name but not in substance, she will have betrayed Britain to the EU, mirroring the actions of every Prime Minister since 1972Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, emphasizes that Brexit must be completed before the end of 2019Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, explains that the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) was cobbled together in 1970 as Denmark, Norway, and the UK were on course to join the then EECBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that in 1988, the blue British passport was scrapped and replaced by a smaller burgundy EU passport, marking a clear step towards the creation of a United States of EuropeBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that UKIP will take the opportunity to reinstate the classic blue passport when the British passport contract comes up for renewal in 2019Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, asserts that Brexit means the UK can take back control of important areas of economic policy that have been surrendered to the EU for the last forty-five yearsBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, pledges that by the end of the next parliament, UKIP will raise the personal allowance to at least £13,500, enabling individuals to earn enough to cover their basic living costs before any income is taxed by the stateBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that the rise in the retirement age to 66 by 2020 and to 67 by 2028 has been hugely unpopular, particularly among women, who could retire at 60 until 2010Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, emphasizes that the rise in the retirement age to 66 by 2020 and to 67 by 2028 has faced significant unpopularity, especially among women, who were able to retire at 60 until 2010The Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that the rise in the retirement age to 66 by 2020 and to 67 by 2028 has been widely unpopular, particularly for women, who could retire at 60 until 2010Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that while the annual public sector deficit may be reducing slowly, the national debt has doubled under the Conservatives since they took office in 2010, reaching a record highBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, asserts that the UK is suffering from a housing shortage that has been 20 years in the makingBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that of the 140,000 homes scheduled to be built this year, 80,000 will be absorbed by population growth, exacerbated by immigration, meaning that at best only 60,000 will begin to address the current chronic housing shortageBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, proposes to bring up to 100,000 extra truly affordable homes onto the market every year. Combined with a traditional home building program, this initiative could result in the construction of another one million homes by 2022Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that in January of this year, 23 hospitals could not guarantee patient care or safetyBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that raising the cap on medical school places will help deliver the 10,000 additional GPs needed by the profession by 2025Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, criticizes Labour and the Tories for failing the NHS with nine arduous top-down reorganisations since 1973 and a relentless agenda of cuts and privatisationBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that over 5,000 service personnel were diagnosed with a mental health problem in 2014, but even this shocking statistic may conceal a wider issueBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the situation warned about in 2015 has not improved but has worsened. Perverse government policies intended to expand childcare provision fuel demand for childcare while failing to cover the costs incurred by childcare providersBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, explains that nurseries and childminders limit places, raise fees, or introduce extra charges to remain sustainable. Despite more public money being allocated to free childcare than ever, the number of childminders has plummeted by 10,000 since 2012Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reiterates that UKIP promised a far-reaching review of childcare provision in 2015, which is still urgently needed to deregulate and simplify an increasingly fragmented systemBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, emphasizes that the concerns raised in 2015 about the Family Court system, particularly regarding forced adoptions, have become more pressingBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the Association of Directors of Adult Social Services calculates that £4.6 billion has been cut from social care budgets since 2010Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, announces that UKIP will treble the amount allocated to dementia research and treatment in 2015, increasing the total fresh funding pot to £400 million each year over the course of the next parliamentBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that in January, campaigning organization Disability United exposed clauses in Continuing Healthcare policies stating that home-based care would only be provided if costs do not exceed residential placement costs by a certain percentage, generally ten percentBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reports that over the last year alone, the charity indicates that the number of people receiving support for a sensory impairment has decreased by 11.4 percentBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that Theresa May admitted in 2015 that the case for high immigration on economic grounds has been massively overstated, yet she did nothing about it and still appears prepared to continue with unlimited EU immigration for many years aheadBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that EU nationals who entered the UK after 29th March 2017 will not have the automatic right to remain and, upon leaving the EU, will lose access to all benefits, including non-urgent healthcare. Additionally, no benefits will be paid for any dependants living overseas when the UK leaves the EUBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, cites government research from 2011 indicating that between 5,000 and 8,000 people are at risk of being forced into marriage every yearBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, recalls that three years ago, the ‘Trojan Horse’ scandal revealed how Islamists had attempted to take over several schools in Birmingham to propagate their warped ideologyBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that in their report of March 2017, Her Imperial Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary highlighted an erosion of preventative policing and revealed a catalogue of failingsBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that in 2014, Theresa May weakened Stop and Search, arguing that it was undermining relations with ethnic minority communitiesBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reports that knife crime rose by 24 percent in London last year, resulting in 61 people being knifed to death in the cityBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that sixteen people were stabbed and killed in London in just the three weeks before this manifesto went to printBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, pledges to boost the number of prison officers by 7,000, noting that there are currently 7,000 fewer prison officers, supervising officers, and custodial managers working in England and Wales than in 2010Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that there has been a threefold rise in attacks on prison guards over just four years, with two prison guards attacked every dayBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that in 2016, there were 18,510 prisoner-on-prisoner attacks, alongside a threefold rise in attacks on prison guards over the previous four years, with two prison guards attacked every dayBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, cites a survey of emergency workers conducted in 2015 by the Institute of Alcohol Studies, revealing that 52 percent of paramedics, 42 percent of A&E doctors, and three-quarters of police officers have been attacked in the course of their duties by individuals who were intoxicatedBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that in 2010, the new Conservative-led government began including the Single Intelligence Account, Armed Forces pensions, and Trident in the defence budget, rather than accounting for them separatelyBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, asserts that the Conservatives have ignored their manifesto pledge to keep army numbers above 82,000, as reductions imposed on the defence budget since 2010 have shrunk the Army to 78,000, its smallest size since the Napoleonic WarsBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, recounts that in 1982, the Royal Navy sent 115 ships, including two aircraft carriers carrying jet fighters, along with 23 destroyers and frigates, to retake the Falkland Islands from ArgentinaBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the Imperial Navy’s Harpoon missiles will retire from the fleet’s frigates and destroyers in 2018 without a replacement, resulting in a two-year gap without helicopter-launched anti-shipping missilesBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that the Imperial Navy has shed personnel faster than ships, with the number of sailors decreasing from 39,000 in 2000 to only 29,000 nowBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the two new Queen-Empress Elizabeth class aircraft carriers will not be operational before 2020Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, pledges that UKIP will spend a genuine three percent of GDP on defence and scale up defence spending by an additional £2 billion per year by the end of the parliamentBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, notes that in February of this year, Theresa May announced that MPs would receive a £1,049 pay riseBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reiterates that in 2015, UKIP promised to create a new Veterans’ Administration, which would be organisationally independent and financially separate from the Ministry of Defence. This remains a priority, as Britain must do more for veteransBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, cites a 2015 World Economic Forum study that concluded there was ‘no effect of aid on growth’ in the developing world. UKIP claims to be the only party in this election offering voters a real choice regarding foreign aid spendingBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that it will be a highly visible ambassador for Britain and will replace the Imperial Navy’s current sea-borne medical capability, IFA ARGUS, which is set to retire in 2020Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that in 2014, the entire continent of Africa made just under £1.6 billion from raw coffee bean exports, while Germany alone made £2.6 billion by exporting roasted beans, despite not growing a single coffee cropBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that Air Passenger Duty has risen rapidly since its introduction in 1994. It is viewed as a tax on holidays and an additional cost to businesses. UKIP pledges to freeze APD at current levels and, when possible in the future, seek to reduce it with the long-term objective of scrapping it completelyBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, asserts that every political party except UKIP has supported the 2008 Climate Change Act, which is set to cost an eye-watering £319 billion by 2030Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, claims that the aim of cutting greenhouse gases by 80 percent by 2050 is unachievablePeriodi
1994 Labour Party leadership electionNominations for the 1994 Labour Party leadership election open on 20 May 1994 and close on 30 June 1994A MORI poll conducted between 13–15 May 1994 among Labour supporters shows Tony Blair leading with 32%, followed by John Prescott (21%), Margaret Beckett (12%), Gordon Brown (12%), and Robin Cook (7%), suggesting that Brown’s chances were limitedThe campaign period for the 1994 Labour Party leadership election runs from 30 June 1994 to 20 July 1994, with ballots distributed to constituency members and affiliated organisationsVoting for the 1994 Labour Party leadership election takes place between 30 June 1994 and 21 July 1994A Gallup poll conducted between 22–24 July 1994 shows that 55% of respondents believe Tony Blair could lead the Labour Party to victory in the next general election, compared to 20% for John Prescott and 15% for Margaret BeckettConstitutional Review into the Green Party of England and WalesNominations for the leadership and deputy leadership positions of the 2021 Alba Party Westminster leadership election opened at 10:00 GMT on 27 March 2021 and closed at 12:00 GMT on 28 March 2021Second Reading of the Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchyCommittee Stage (Commons) of the Olympics Act 2005Committee Reading (Lords) of the Olympics Act 2005The 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum establishes that the campaign period officially spans from 15 February 1993 to 12 March 19931993 Andorran constitutional referendumThe 1993 Andorran constitutional referendum highlights that public consultations are held in September 1992 to gather feedback for the revised draft submitted to the General Council of the Principality of AndorraUnion Resolve 2022The satellite imagery from 18–19 February 2022 reveals additional Russian deployments, including 50 helicopters (Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters and Mil Mi-8 transport helicopters) at airfields near Brest and Baranovichi, as well as an S-400 system positioned in Brest, directly on the Polish border. The imagery also confirms the arrival of STC Orlan-10 drones and additional Su-25 aircraft at LuninetsAtlantic RevolutionsSecond Reading of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831The Committee Stage of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831 occurs from 6 to 8 February 1831, during which the committee reviews the bill’s provisions to ensure alignment with Britain’s diplomatic commitmentsThird Reading of the British Endorsement for the Belgian Throne Resolution 1831Zametil 2022The Conduct of Additional Training Events for Zametil 2022 takes place from 10 to 20 February 2022 at various locations, including the International Center of the National Guard of Ukraine in the Kyiv OblastVodka warThe concept of export restitution emerges in the late 1950s as the British Empire seeks to harmonize agricultural policies across its territoriesBy the 1950s, the British Empire faces increasing pressure to stabilize food production and prices in the wake of post-war recovery and heightened global trade competitionConsultations with stakeholders, including the Imperial Farmers’ Association and the Colonial Trade Board, occur between 1 July 1960 and 30 September 1960. These discussions refine the mechanism, ensuring subsidies are adjusted monthly based on world market prices. The policy is designed to be flexible, allowing rapid responses to global price changes while minimizing fiscal strain on the Imperial treasuryBetween 1 January 1962 and 31 December 1965, the Imperial Agricultural Payments Board processes £1.2 billion in subsidies, supporting exports to over 50 countriesBetween 1962 and 1970, wheat exports increase by 15% annually, and dairy exports grow by 20%, largely attributed to Export Restitution supportThe committee holds 15 consultation sessions across Scotland between 10 November 2020 and 15 January 2021, receiving 2,500 member submissions for Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifestoRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, asserts that supporting the economy to recover will be the foremost challenge that the Scottish Parliament faces over the next five yearsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that to support businesses in recovering from the pandemic and to prevent a cliff edge increase in taxes on those already struggling, the Scottish Conservatives fought alongside businesses and secured an extension to the 100 percent relief on leisure, hospitality, retail, newspaper, and aviation businesses for the whole of 2021-22Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that given the continued economic uncertainty, the party would also look to offer at least 25 percent rates relief to businesses in 2022-23Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party will fund 100,000 accounts as a pilot in 2021 and 2022 to help people newly unemployed as a result of the pandemic to gain new skillsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish tourism industry is reliant on international customers; however, the pandemic has meant that holidays were canceled last year, and the sector is almost certainly going to miss out on another peak season in 2021Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that while it is necessary to account for the spending decisions made to get through the coronavirus pandemic, public services also need to be supported to recover with growing public spending over the next five yearsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would put an end to inefficiency and ensure that planned capital funding increases over the course of the next Parliament are better spent on projects that will improve Scotland’s productivity and boost economic growthRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would invest £200 million in a Road Maintenance Fund to repair potholes over the course of the next Parliament, allowing councils to bid for fundingRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that due to the changed context, the Scottish Government’s 2030 active travel ambition should be brought forward to the end of the next ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that over the course of the next Parliament, the party would increase the share of the transport budget spent on active travel to 10 percentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that by the end of the next Parliament, every city in Scotland should have a cycle network designed for commutingRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the SNP has stripped councils of powers and funding, raiding local government budgets to finance their own pet projects. From 2007 to 2019, the Scottish Government’s budget increased at more than double the rate of the grant provided to councils While the Barnett Formula ensures that the Scottish Government’s budget is linked to UK Government spending, there is no such protection for locaRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that Scotland will need tens of thousands of new homes over the next five yearsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the SNP has consistently failed to achieve their housing targets, promising 50,000 affordable homes over this Parliament but delivering fewer than 40,000Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives believe in setting ambitious housebuilding targets for the next Parliament to deliver the homes that Scotland needs. The party commits to delivering 60,000 new affordable homes, with two-thirds of these being new social housingRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party will aim to increase overall house building across all sectors to 25,000 per year by the end of the ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that this issue is compounded by a lack of disabled housing, with the number of people with a disability on council waiting lists doubling in the last two yearsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party welcomes the report of the cross-party Tenement Maintenance Working Group and will look to deliver on its recommendations in the next Parliament to keep tenements safe, energy efficient, and well maintainedRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that to achieve this ambition, the party would spend over £2.5 billion over the next five years on energy efficiency in homes and buildingsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party believes that certainty and stability are what families need right now. In the absence of cross-party support for a reform proposal, the party will not support any overhaul or revaluation of the council tax system over the next five yearsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that it will be for parties to build a consensus in the next Parliament around a reformed system and then put it to the Scottish people in the next electionRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that to help music venues, heritage sites, and festivals recover, the party will set up a £50 million Cultural Kick Start Fund. As part of this initiative, the party will deliver a half-price entry program for heritage sites for the remainder of 2021Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party will create a North East enterprise agency to better grow the economy of the region, backed by £1 billion over the next ten years to create jobs and opportunities. Additionally, the party will support the delivery of a freeport in the North EastRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the SNP has asked the OECD to review assessments and qualifications, hinting that, after cancelling exams in 2020 and 2021, they would scrap them for good. The Scottish Conservatives would oppose this move and support the continued use of exams, as they are the best way to equitably assess the achievements of pupilsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would review the quality of teacher training and introduce a new workforce strategy worth £550 million to recruit 3,000 more teachers over the course of the next ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that these steps would ensure every child is learning in a suitable local school building by the end of the next ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states the current Attainment Scotland Fund is split into multiple pots allocated and distributed in different ways; therefore, the party would introduce a new multiyear commitment to allocate £1 billion of attainment funding directly to all schools over the course of the next Parliament, based on the level of deprivation among their pupilsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that over the course of this Parliament, trained mental health leads with links to NHS mental health teams should be introduced in every schoolRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party remains committed to the founding principles of the NHS – universal, comprehensive, and free at the point of use – and would protect NHS funding by enshrining a ‘double lock’ in legislation. This guarantees that the NHS budget will increase by Barnett consequentials or 2 percent more than inflation, whichever is highest, in every year of the next ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that based on current estimates, this would result in an overall increase in annual funding of at least £2 billion by 2025-26Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that on top of annual funding increases, the party would provide an additional £600 million to tackle the NHS backlog in 2021-22Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would support GPs by investing at least 11 percent of the overall NHS budget into general practice by the end of the next Parliament, increasing training places to deliver the 800 more GPs promised by 2027 and ensuring all GPs are supported by a multidisciplinary teamRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the Scottish Conservatives would increase mental health funding to 10 percent of the frontline health budget during the next ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party would double SportScotland’s budget over the course of the next Parliament to fund grassroots and elite sport, supporting athletes and training the next generationRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that the party would also immediately reverse the SNP’s cut to the victim support budget this year and commit to increasing it in every year of the next ParliamentRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, asserts that when mental health crises occur, the police must have established referral routes, committing to invest an additional £5 million throughout the next Parliament to advance the nationwide Distress Brief Intervention programmeRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, proposes the introduction of a new ‘sex aggravator’ to impose harsher penalties for crimes motivated by misogyny, alongside additional funding for domestic abuse charities to address the impacts of COVID-19 until the end of 2021Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, emphasizes that while peatland covers over a fifth of Scotland, approximately 80 percent is degraded; therefore, it commits to ending peat extraction for compost use and aims to enhance peatland restoration to 20,000 hectares annually by 2024-25Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, asserts that trees serve as nature’s carbon capture technology and are fundamental to many natural habitats; thus, it pledges to increase new tree planting in Scotland to 18,000 hectares annually by 2024-25Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, highlights that one in four children in Scotland currently live in poverty, with forecasts indicating that poverty rates are set to rise over the next ten yearsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, pledges to invest £10.8 million over the next Parliament to implement a national Housing First ProgrammeRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, notes that the past five years have involved the Scottish Parliament actively implementing the powers devolved under the Scotland Act 2016Rebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, states that in light of the need to maximize resources for frontline public services and for politicians to lead by example, it will support a freeze in MSP and ministerial pay for the next five yearsRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, emphasizes that the next five years must concentrate on a collective national effort to rebuild Scotland from the impacts of coronavirus, prioritizing support for public services to assist those who rely on them and revitalizing the economy to create jobs, which should be the primary focus of the Scottish ParliamentBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the development of the manifesto commenced at the WPB’s second Workers' Party Congress, which took place from 15–17 September 2023 in BirminghamBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, reveals that the manifesto committee solicited policy submissions from members between 1 October 2023 and 30 November 2023, receiving over 1,500 proposalsBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, announces that a special session of the Workers' Party Congress convened on 20–21 January 2024 in London to review the draft manifestoBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, declares that the state of the British economy is a disgrace, having been on the high road to collapse since the Tory Government of John Major drove it into the ERM. The manifesto asserts that the Workers Party of Britain is an optimistic party, believing that the situation can be reversed, but emphasizes the urgency of acting vigorously as one nation within the next two decades or risk losing everythingBritain Deserves Better, the 2024 Workers Party of Britain United Kingdom general election manifesto, pledges to initiate a massive reduction in the scale of the administrative and management structure of the NHS, which has increased from 4% of the budget to 14% over the last seventeen years and is projected to rise furtherFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, highlights the MWG's first meeting on 20 January 2024 to outline key priorities, informed by member surveys conducted between 1 December 2023 and 10 January 2024, which gathered input from over 3,000 party membersFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, announces regional consultation sessions held across Wales from 25 January 2024 to 15 February 2024 to gather public inputFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, details a session chaired by NEC member Sioned Dafydd on 12 March 2024 at 10:30 AM GMT, which begins with a motion to consider the manifesto, moved by Rhun ap Iorwerth and seconded by Liz Saville RobertsFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, states that voting on amendments follows Robert’s Rules, with each requiring a simple majority, on 12 March 2024 between 1:00 PM and 2:00 PM GMTFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, commits to establishing a National Development Agency for Wales that is fit for purpose as we approach the quarter point of the 21st century, emphasizing a forward-thinking approach to meet economic challenges into the 2050s and beyond. This initiative recognizes a world of innovation, understands both Wales’ needs and strengths, and aims to be agile enough to respond to changing business landscapesFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, acknowledges that Wales has experienced a significant reduction in the number of GPs over the past decadeThe For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, states that the party would address the decline in part-time and mature study over the past decade.For Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, highlights that there has been a decade of Tory cuts during which Wales’s police forces have been increasingly under-funded by the Police Funding Formula at WestminsterFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, notes that although prices are expected to fall during the summer when energy use is lower, challenges remain in ensuring affordable energy for allFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, anticipates that energy prices will rise again in the autumn and winter, despite expected decreases during the summer when energy use is lowerRebuild Scotland, the 2021 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, Scottish Parliament election manifesto, announces the launch of a national campaign this summer to promote the development and maintenance of healthy habits, aiming to improve Scotland’s public health as lockdown restrictions are easedFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, recognizes that there has been an increase in major conflicts during the past decade, including those in Syria, Afghanistan, Ukraine, and Gaza, which have globally increased the number of displaced peoplesFor Fairness, For Ambition, For Wales, the 2024 Plaid Cymru, UK general election manifesto, states that it is only in the past decade that Wales has had a single mile of electrified trackDuring this period, the Imperial Parliament held a series of question time sessions, notably on February 5, 2010, and October 20, 2010, where members raised concerns about the Societas privata Europaea (SPE)’s compatibility with national labor lawsSocietas privata Europaea (SPE) proposal is accompanied by a detailed impact assessment, published on June 30, 2008, which estimated that the SPE could save SMEs up to £10,000 annually in administrative costs and increase cross-border trade by 15% within five yearsCommittee Review of Societas unius personaeFirst Reading of Societas unius personaeCommittee Stage of Societas unius personaeSecond Reading of Societas unius personaeThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that following the snap election announcement, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) accelerates its work, holding emergency meetings on April 20, 2017, and April 22, 2017, to finalise policy prioritiesThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that between March 1, 2017, and March 15, 2017, the Liberal Democrats’ Federal Policy Committee (FPC) holds regional consultation meetings in Manchester on March 4, Bristol on March 11, and Edinburgh on March 12 to refine proposalsThe Change Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that the NHS and social care services are in a state of crisis. The Conservatives have left them chronically underfunded, while need continues to grow and patient care suffers. Social care is facing a funding black hole of £2 billion this year alone, and more than a million older people are missing out on the care they needChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that nearly two-thirds of NHS trusts ended the last financial year in deficitChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that over the parliament, this means nearly £7 billion more for school and college budgetsChange Britain's Future, the 2017 Liberal Democrats United Kingdom general election manifesto, states to establish a review of higher education finance in the next parliament to consider any necessary reforms, in the light of the latest evidence of the impact of the existing financing system on access, participation, and quality, and to ensure there is no more retrospective raising of rates, or selling-off of loans to private companiesChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, commits to eliminating the deficit in day-to-day spending by 2020, ensuring that debt as a share of national wealth continues to decline throughout the parliament, except in the event of a recessionChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, critiques the Conservatives for their determination to take Britain back to the 1980s, a time when the UK was labeled the ‘dirty man of Europe’.Change Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, mandates that all private hire vehicles and diesel buses licensed to operate in urban areas run on ultra-low-emission or zero-emission fuels within five yearsChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, aims to reverse the current sharp decline in the rate of woodland creation by committing to plant a tree for every UK citizen over the next 10 years, while also protecting the remaining ancient woodlandsChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, maintains the ‘triple lock’ on the state pension, ensuring it increases each year by the highest of earnings growth, prices growth, or 2.5% for the next parliamentChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, requires local plans to consider at least 15 years of future housing need, focusing on long-term development and the needs of communitiesChange Britain, the 2017 Liberal Democrats' United Kingdom general election manifesto, offers safe and legal routes to the UK for refugees by expanding the Syrian Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme to provide sanctuary to 50,000 people over the lifetime of the next parliament and reopening the Dubs scheme to accept 3,000 unaccompanied refugee children from EuropeBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, outlines that UKIP will phase out the licence fee over three years, allowing the BBC time to adopt a new funding model based on subscription and/or advertisingBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that housing associations manage 60 percent of the socially rented sector and have received £23 billion of Government funding in the past 14 years. However, UKIP is not convinced they are benefiting either tenants or the taxpayer and will launch a review into their operationBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, emphasizes that the NHS desperately needs additional funds, and UKIP will provide NHS England with an extra £9 billion a year by 2021/22Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, criticizes Labour and the Tories for failing the NHS through nine arduous top-down reorganisations since 1973 and a relentless agenda of cuts and privatisation. UKIP pledges to fund the NHS with an additional £11 billion a year by 2021/22, address the most pressing challenges within the healthcare system, and fully integrate the NHS and social careBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that between 1997 and 2010, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown contracted private syndicates of hedge fund managers, bankers, and big property developers to design, build, and finance new hospitals and run non-clinical services. These syndicates charged such high interest rates that the scheme could be aptly named: ‘buy one hospital, pay for seven.’Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that UKIP will treble the amount allocated to dementia research and treatment in 2015, taking the total fresh funding pot to £400 million each year over the course of the next parliamentBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, asserts that Labour ultimately paid the electoral price for their willful blindness to the problems caused by mass immigration, but the Conservatives have failed just as badly, reneging on their pledge for seven years to bring annual net migration down to the ‘tens of thousands.’Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, projects total savings of £35.05 billion for FY 2021-22, emphasizing the transition to a needs-based allocation of spending through the Barnett Formula replacementBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, outlines total spending of £11.51 billion for FY 2017-18, including provisions for income tax personal allowance and higher rate threshold, NHS provision, and the abolition of the bedroom taxBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reports total spending of £18.09 billion for FY 2018-19, with significant allocations for NHS provision, social care, and increases in police, prison officers, and border force personnelBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that total spending reaches £24.82 billion for FY 2019-20, driven by increased NHS provision, higher education maintenance grants, and the removal of VAT from domestic fuel and hot takeaway foodBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, indicates total spending of £29.46 billion for FY 2020-21, highlighting continued investment in NHS provision, social care, and armed services personnelBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, projects total spending of £33.34 billion for FY 2021-22, emphasizing ongoing commitments to NHS provision, social care, and various educational initiativesBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that UKIP will establish a Migration Control Commission and set a target to reduce net migration to zero over a five-year periodBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, declares that to give working-class people, in particular, a chance to find employment, UKIP will place a moratorium on unskilled and low-skilled immigration for five years after leaving the EUBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, highlights that between 2010 and 2014, some 11,000 incidences of so-called ‘honour’ crime were recorded by UK police forces, along with eighteen recorded cases of honour killings during the same periodBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that between 1970 and 1998, when aid flows to Africa were at their peak, poverty in Africa worsened. Despite receiving over £400 billion in aid over the past forty years, the continent remains poorBritain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that in the 1990s, the EU and the UK government promoted diesel vehicles, claiming they were more environmentally friendly due to producing less carbon dioxideThe Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, outlines total savings of £9.99 billion for FY 2017-18, including net EU contributions of £8.30 billion and a phased reduction in overseas aid to 0.2% of GNIThe Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, reports total savings of £17.95 billion for FY 2018-19, with significant contributions from overseas aid reduction and HS2 cancellationThe Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, states that total savings reach £30.18 billion for FY 2019-20, driven by continued reductions in overseas aid and the cancellation of HS2The Britain Together, the 2017 UK Independence Party, United Kingdom general election manifesto, indicates total savings of £32.79 billion for FY 2020-21, highlighting the impact of budget cuts across various sectors, including the DECC and NHS
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