County-wide Community Profile (EDF Timeline):

Engel v. Vitale In June 1962 the Supreme Court ruled that prayer mandated in schools went against the first amendment's freedom of religion. (https://tinyurl.com/577jftv7)

Abington School District v. Schempp In June 1963 the Supreme court ruled that bible reading in school was unconstitutional. (https://tinyurl.com/5n7wt95b)

US circuit courts determine that prayer meetings are not allowed in schools In January 1981, A US circuit court of appeals determines that the first amendment does not allow prayer meetings in schools (https://tinyurl.com/2srbw66c)

Florida requires daily bible instruction In May 1925, Florida state legislators pass a law requiring daily bible study (https://tinyurl.com/mvv4kdw6)

Stone v. Graham In November 1980 the Supreme Court ruled that requiring classrooms to post the 10 commandments was unconstitutional (https://www.oyez.org/cases/1980/80-321)

McCollum v. Board of Education In March 1948, The Supreme Court ruled that religious instruction at school violated the first amendment (https://tinyurl.com/mrxw7ec9)

Lee v. Weisman In June 1992, the Supreme court ruled that religious prayers given at high school graduations violate the first amendment (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lee-v-Weisman)

Edwards v. Aguillard In June 1987 the supreme court ruled that requiring the teaching of creationism along with evolution was unconstitutional (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edwards-v-Aguilard)

Epperson v. Arkansas In November 1968, the Supreme Court Ruled that it was unconstitutional to ban the teaching of evolution in public schools (https://www.oyez.org/cases/1968/7)

I noticed that from the 1950s to 2002, the demand for teachers, schools, and classrooms only grew -Katherine

I noticed that while there was a lot of change and progress for disabled people in the 1950's to the 1970's, there wasn't much change after that. This surprised me because the 1970's weren't super progressive compared to the world now. -Katherine

Florida’s Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) After the Civil War, Florida faced economic struggles, and Reconstruction efforts were adhered by limited resources. Public education, particularly for Black and poor children, was significantly underfunded at that time. (https://tinyurl.com/ymyjfjch)

Florida Land Boom and Bust (1920s) The real estate boom in South Florida brought prosperity, boosting tax revenues and allowed increased investment in schools. However, the bust in 1926 drastically reduced education funding for all. (https://tinyurl.com/49zcxs66)

Florida Statehood

Great Depression (1929-1939) The Great Depression severely impacted public services, including school funding, resulting in financial strain for schools. In Palm Beach County, schools faced difficulties in maintaining adequate resources during this time. (https://tinyurl.com/57527rtr)

Post-World War II Growth (1940s-1950s) The post-World War II economic boom spurred population growth in Palm Beach County, driving the need for more schools overall. This demand was addressed through increased public investment in education and the expansion of school infrastructure as a whole. (https://tinyurl.com/3t792275)

Florida Educational Finance Program (1973) The statewide funding program ensured a more equitable distribution of resources to Florida schools, including Palm Beach County. It provided additional support to schools with fewer resources, particularly those serving low-income populations. (https://tinyurl.com/3t4hhyau)

1939The murder of people with disabilities.Some of the key dates during this time would be that around October 1939 Adolf Hitler authorizes the beginning of the Euthanasia program. In which Nazis deemed "unworthy of life"

1945 The congress declared the first week in October in each year to employ the physically handicapped week. 1962 the word was deleted to acknowledge the needs and contributions of individuals with all types of disabilities.https://www.dodea.edu/news/observance-calendar/national-disability-employment-awareness-month#:~:text=In%201945%2C%20Congress%20declared%20the,with%20all%20types%20of%20disabilities.

1950- Parents of children with intellectual disabilities found the association for the Retarted citizens(ARC).Parents wanted to develop programs to assist and activities in the development and care of their loved ones. https://thearc.org/about-us/history/

2004-A parade was created in 2004 by volunteers from the disabled community as a statement go self acceptance, dignity, and pride. https://www.cct.org/stories/celebrating-disability-pride-with-chicagos-everyday-philanthropists/#:~:text=The%20parade%20was%20created%20in,and%20commitment%20of%20its%20organizers.

2008 West Virginia required disability history to be taught in schools in k-12. https://inclusiverec.org/sites/default/files/temp/Disability_History.pdf

IN 1972 there was a lawsuit that demanded access to education for all handicapped children, resulting in the 1972 PARC Consent Decree. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania states that education should be provided for all children regardless of any physical or mental handicap. https://disabilities.temple.edu/resources/disability-rights-timeline

1970- Judy Human who was a 22 year old polio victim sued the district court due to them denying her a teaching license due to her wheel chair. They claimed it was a fire hazard and the result of this was Heumann was granted a license and 75,000 in damages. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/27/archives/woman-in-wheel-chair-sues-to-become-teacher.html

1954- brown v. Board ruling declared a foundation for the 1975 federal law which required access to a free appropriate public education for all children with disabilities. https://www.acslaw.org/?post_type=acsblog&p=10186

Scopes Trial In July 1925, the highly publicized scopes trial began. This trial questioned the legality of teaching evolution to students in public schools (https://www.britannica.com/event/Scopes-Trial)

Migration Boom and Urban Development (1980s-1990's) An influx of new residents, including immigrants, created economic challenges for Palm Beach County schools, requiring more resources. The district had to build new schools and expand English Language Learner (ELL) programs, increasing the need for additional funding. (https://tinyurl.com/4a678bv2)

Class Size Amendment (2002) Voters at the time approved a statewide amendment limiting class sizes, which pressured Palm Beach County schools to hire more teachers and expand facilities. This shift strained the budget and altered funding priorities. (https://tinyurl.com/bdfjmx58)

School District Referendum (2018) Palm Beach County voters approved a property tax increase to boost funding for public schools. The additional revenue supports teacher salaries, school safety measures, and mental health programs. (https://tinyurl.com/3s4v7zjv)

COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2021) The pandemic led to significant disruptions in school funding as districts were forced to invest heavily in technology for distance learning, cleaning supplies, and safety measures. Additionally, the economic downturn raised concerns about decreased tax revenues. (https://tinyurl.com/5n74fb88)

Florida’s “School Choice” Expansion (2023) In 2023, Florida expanded its school choice program, permitting public funds to be used for private education. This raised concerns in Palm Beach County about reduced resources for public schools due to the impact on public school funding. (https://tinyurl.com/4zwfj42n)

One of the trends I noticed would be that during the 1950s more change and action was being taken then when the country was first starting to be created-Yessica

In here I noticed that covid had impacts on a lot go resources and people though it was something that I know impacted education it made me question and think about how it impacted special needs education-Yessica

I noticed that the timeline shows that between the 1950s-1980s that there was a lot of change with the type of people going to schools in Palm Beach Florida like with desegregation and migration happening-Riley

I noticed that the timeline shows how not a lot important events or changes happened in the early years after Florida was made a state that changed the schools are in Palm Beach-Riley

Missionaries attempted to promote English among some eastern Indian nations,Continental Congress put aside funds for Indian education with intent of conquest. https://teachnativehistories.umass.edu/sites/default/files/Language%20of%20Social%20Studies_A.Mafi_TimelineLanguagePolicyInUS.pdf

An example of a time span

R

1954: Brown v. Board of education. The case brought to court the issue of segregation in schools and how schools can no longer be segregated based on language, color, and religion. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education

1958: National Defense Education Act. This act gave schools funding to help promote secondary education. It helped students get farther within the education system https://history.house.gov/HouseRecord/Detail/15032436195

1964: Civil Acts Right of 1964. This act prohibited discrimination in any work place including public places. This had a huge impact on the classroom promoting more equal rights and having a voice for the classroom. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-1964#:~:text=In%201964%2C%20Congress%20passed%20Public,hiring%2C%20promoting%2C%20and%20firing.

1965: The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed by president Johnson to “help promote educational equality for student with lower income families provide funding for an education”. This helps students to receive more money and use it towards education. The districts that receive money must prove the at they have growth. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-of-1965/

1968: The Bilingual Education Act helped students with limited English language skills and helped them get the education to learn. This provided assistance to schools who needed funding to help these students. It helped them excel learning the English language. https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/senate-bill/2552

1974: Lau v. Nichols was when a California school district was sued because they where not serving all English language students. This violated the students rights and attacked the school systems. This act clarified that all students will receive the same services and support no matter the language. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lau-v-Nichols

1981: Castaneda v. Pickard this case stated that the school district was not violated. This case did end up having a big impact after getting appealed. It showed that changed needs to happen within the language barrier in education https://study.com/academy/lesson/castaneda-v-pickard-decision-impacts.html

2002: No Child Left Behind Act. The government took a bigger role into holding the education system accountable for students growth within the system. Students success was a huge part in education. This made sure teachers where providing enough education for students to learn and succeed. https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04

2015: Every Student Succeeds Act which was signed by president Obama. It took back a lot of the educational policies from the government including testing, low performance, and teacher quality. States are now able to choose their own standards including being challenging for students to exceed these requirements. https://www.michigan.gov/mde/resources/essa

Florida became a U.S. State Florida joined the U.S. as a slaveholding state. Racial segregation was a foundational aspect of its education system, where Black students were denied formal schooling. (https://tinyurl.com/342edzas)

End of the Civil War and Reconstruction The abolition of slavery in the U.S. led to efforts to establish schools for Black children in Florida. These schools were underfunded and often met with hostility from white communities. (https://tinyurl.com/4etr73ae)

Florida's Jim Crow Laws and Segregated Schools The Florida Constitution of 1885 mandated segregated schools, reinforcing racial divisions and providing significantly fewer resources to Black students. This would remain in place until the mid-20th century. (https://tinyurl.com/5esj6mby)

Opening of Carver High School, Miami Carver High School was one of the first public high schools for African Americans in Miami. Its establishment marked a significant step in educational access for Black students in the region, though resources remained unequal compared to white schools. (https://tinyurl.com/y8ruhrrw)

The timeline shows many important events within the education system. How much it has changed and how each year means so much to the education system. Lucy

In the timeline I noticed that the education system fought so hard for these children. Trying to provide equal rights, and a voice was hard to have during this time but much change was put in to the system. Lucy

Brown v. Board of Education The U.S. Supreme Court ruling declared that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, forcing Florida to begin efforts toward desegregation. South Florida schools, like others in the state, were slow to comply. (https://tinyurl.com/zxrexk6c)

First Integrated High School in Broward County Old Dillard High School in Fort Lauderdale became the first public high school in Broward County to integrate, facing both protests and legal challenges from the local white population. (https://tinyurl.com/ycy73pf9)

Closure of Booker T. Washington High School, Miami Miami’s historically Black Booker T. Washington High School was closed during desegregation, forcing Black students to integrate into predominantly white schools. This decision caused significant disruption in Miami’s Black community. (https://tinyurl.com/49pkdz8y)

Federal Court Orders Desegregation of Miami-Dade Schools A federal court mandated the full desegregation of Miami-Dade schools, following years of resistance to the Brown ruling. School transportation and other measures were implemented to comply, though many schools remained segregated in practice. (https://tinyurl.com/2zm5k8fy)

Mariel Boatlift and Miami's Changing Racial Demographics The influx of Cuban refugees from the Mariel Boatlift significantly altered the racial and ethnic demographics of South Florida’s schools, leading to tensions around language, race, and resources in the education system. (https://tinyurl.com/bdze8ke9)

Civil Rights Restoration Efforts in Miami Schools Miami-Dade County Public Schools launched initiatives to address racial disparities in student performance, teacher diversity, and resource allocation in historically Black and minority-majority schools. (https://floridarrc.com/)

Data: Racial desegregation was delayed and resisted in many South Florida districts, which impacted educational access for Black students. Wondering: What role did local governments play in either promoting or hindering the desegregation of schools in South Florida? - Lindsey

Data: The closure of historically Black schools like Booker T. Washington High School during desegregation efforts often displaced students and disrupted communities. Wondering: How did the loss of these community institutions affect long-term academic success and cultural identity among Black students? - Lindsey

1780's: schools based on everything from religion. Under most circumstances, only boys could attend school. Although in 1789 public schools in Boston started to admit girls they attended different times from boys (https://academics.hamilton.edu/government/dparis/gvt375hpring7/Gender Equitysin Elesax/gs1.htm)

1836: The academy movement was created to move away from practical subjects and to teach more classical. It strived to get women a higher education and focused on training to be teachers and what we know today as "core subjects". The Georgia Female College was (the start of this new journey in education. ttps://academics.hamilton.edu/government/dparis/t375/spring97/Gender Equitymin)

1840: The first co-ed high school opened in Massachusetts. This was frowned upon at the time but schools slowly started to allow girls in. Some chase to stay separated by gender (@mpsacademics.hamilton.edu/government/dparis/gov375/hspring97/Gender Equitysin)

1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was put in place to expand Desegregation Assistance Centers, Training institutes on this topic, State education agencies, and local district projects to bring all together male or (femelette:www.nepequity.org/nene: content/uploads/Gender Eq-Timeline-in-column.pdf)

1967: President Johnson made an executive order to ben discrimination against gender in places that receive federal money such as schools. Blemice Sandier, an earty ferminist fought for these rights after she wasn't hired for a teaching position because she was a woman. (m/s rationalquersahi.comhararauality in schoolele ant-the-fight-or-nien-t)

1972: Title IX, a civil rights law was passed for women's opportunity within schools. Women Id not have privileges in a school environment and wem discriminated for their gender. Although, with this law changes were made. (mpas.nationalgmmgrammic.com/history/article/desgasily in schrocia sale is and the)

1974: The Equal Educational Opportunities Act was put in place to allow funds for the development of aducational projects and to allow women to have a say in aducational programa. (www.nepequity.org/mape contentAploads/Gender Eq-Timeline-in column.od)

1954: The Improving Americas Schools Act became a law when signed by President Clinton. This required departments to promote equitable access and participation and a proposed project for teachers, students, and program beneficiaries for the special education department (p//wwww.napaqulty.orgmape comentima/Gender Eq)

2002: The No Child Left Behind Act is implemented. This worked out the kinks in education systems requiring departments to create ruiss on how singla-sex education can be provided without interfaring with Title X regulations. (редиту дете content/uploads/lender EQ-Timeline in colum.bit)

2004: Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education wes heard by the Supreme Court after a girls' basketball coach was relieved because of complaints of gender discrimination against the girls' team. The coach sued the school board, and the coach constituted discrimination as a violation of Title commem/gloedenden Eg-Tirmine-in-column.par)

I noticed that some court cases affected multiple areas like how brown v board affected language, race, and gender - Courtney

I noticed that a lot of these movements were happening at the same time. So many changes were happening in education with regards to race, language, gender, religion, and disability all around the 1950s- 1990s -Courtney

1948-Social security act establishes permanent assistance for adults with disabilities.In 1948 there were recommendations of the 1948 advisory council that the 1949 passed a bill passed a bill containing provisions to permanently and totally disabled insure workers.

In 1950 the evolution began and some started a barrier-free movement in which hey removed obstacles in buildings and provided easier access.

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