26 marzo 1979 anni - Egypt–Israel peace treaty

Descrizione:

The Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on March 26, 1979, following the Camp David Accords. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the treaty, with U.S. President Jimmy Carter as a witness.

Key Features
The treaty, signed 16 months after Sadat's visit to Israel, included mutual recognition, ending the state of war since 1948, normalizing relations, and Israel's withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt agreed to demilitarize Sinai, allow Israeli ships free passage through the Suez Canal, and recognize the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways. The treaty also proposed ending Israeli military rule over occupied territories and establishing Palestinian autonomy, influencing the Oslo Accords.

Compliance and Normalization
Normalization began in January 1980 with ambassador exchanges, repealing boycott laws, initiating trade, and starting airline flights. Egypt supplied Israel with crude oil.

Demilitarization of Sinai
The UN Security Council's inability to provide an observation force led to the creation of the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) to monitor treaty compliance. The Agreed Activities Mechanism allowed Egypt and Israel to jointly adjust Egyptian troop deployments in Sinai.

Aftermath
The treaty sparked controversy in the Arab world, leading to Egypt's suspension from the Arab League (1979-1989) and Sadat's assassination in 1981 by Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Despite this, the peace treaty has endured, making Egypt a strategic partner for Israel.

Long-Term Effects
The U.S. provided Egypt with over $38 billion in economic and military aid from 1978 to 2000, with annual aid of about $1.3 billion. Relations remain a "cold peace" due to ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. During the 2011 Egyptian revolution, there were concerns about the treaty's future, but Egypt has continued to uphold it. President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi reaffirmed Egypt's commitment to peace with Israel in 2014.

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