1 gen 1934 anni - Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

Descrizione:

Americans of Asian descent — mostly from China, Japan, and the Philippines — formed a small minority of the overall population but had significant presences in West Coast areas. Immigrants from Japan and China had long faced discrimination. Increasingly strict federal statutes had curtailed immigration, and a 1913 California law prohibited them from owning land. Japanese farmers, who specialized in fruit and vegetable crops, circumvented this restriction by putting land titles in the names of their American-born children. As the depression cut farm prices and racial discrimination excluded young Japanese Americans from nonfarm jobs, as many as one in five Japanese immigrants returned to their native country.

As a group, Chinese Americans were less prosperous than their Japanese American counterparts. Only 3 percent of Chinese Americans worked in professional and technical positions, and discrimination barred them from most industrial jobs. In San Francisco, the majority of Chinese worked in small businesses: restaurants, laundries, and firms that imported textiles and ceramics. During the depression, they turned for assistance to Chinese social organizations and to the city government; in 1931, about one-sixth of San Francisco’s Chinese population received public aid. But few Chinese benefitted from the New Deal. Until the repeal of Chinese exclusion in 1943, Chinese immigrants were classified as “aliens ineligible for citizenship” and therefore were ineligible for most federal programs.

Because Filipino immigrants came from a U.S. colonial possession, they were not affected by the ban on Asian immigration enacted in 1924. During the 1920s, their numbers swelled to about 50,000, many of whom worked on large corporate-owned farms. As the depression drove down wages, Filipino immigration slowed to a trickle, before ceasing almost entirely due to the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934. This law provided for gradual independence for the Philippines, classified all Filipinos in the United States as aliens, and limited immigration from the Philippines to just fifty people per year.

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