4 dic 1648 anni - Peace of Westphalia

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Weakened the HRE (no control over princes of empire). The Netherlands gained independence from Spain (Spanish will still hold on to part of it) , weakened Hapsburg, Brandenburg gains territory, Alsace to Fr., Switzerland becomes an independent confederation, (power shifts toward Fr. and away from Hapsburg), Calvinism is accepted= 3 religions now (Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinism), freedom of private worship. Last major war in Eur., end of violence accompanying Reformation.

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