HARD BOP (4 ene 1955 año – 22 oct 1965 año)

Descripción:

- Sonny Rollins:
- 1930 - present
- saxophonist
- 1958 album "Freedom Suite" commented on racism in America ("Emancipation Proclamation")

- Charles Mingus:
- 1922 - 1979
- released "Fables of Faubus" in 1957 to counteract Jim Crow Laws
- non-violent protest against segregation

- Max Roach:
- 1924 - 2007
- drummer on Rollins' "Freedom Suite"
- released "We Insist! The Freedom Now Suite" in 1960, which highlighted racism and African colonialism