Reconstruction Era 1865-1877 (15 sept 1865 año – 20 mayo 1877 año)

Descripción:

-The Ten-Percent Plan: Lincoln's plan that 10% of voters who had voted in the 1860 election swear an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept emancipation through the 13th amendment. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions and establish new state governments and reapply to the Union. All southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and gov't. officials would be granted a full pardon. southerners private property would be protected, but not their slaves.
-The Wade-Davis Bill: created by Radical Republicans who believed the Ten Percent Plan to be too lenient. Former Confederate states are to be governed by a military governor and required 50% of the electorate to swear an oath of allegiance to the US. Then a state convention would be organized to repeal their ordinance of secession and abolish slavery within their state. (Neither bill made provisions for Black suffrage). Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill, destroying it.
-Johnson's Reconstruction Plan: based on a plan approved by Lincoln before his assassination. Called for provisional military governments to run the states until they were re-admitted into the union. required all southern citizens to swear a loyalty oath, but barred many former southern elite to do so making them unable to participate in the new governments. would hold state constitutional conventions where states would write new constitutions eliminating slavery and renouncing secession. Didn't require the states to enfranchise Black people by giving them a vote. The plan didn't work b/c Johnson pardoned many southern elites, new constitutions only had slight provisions, new Black codes were passed limiting freedman's right to assemble, travel, curfews, and needed to carry special passes
-Special Field Order No. 15: By General Sherman, land was to be seized from the Confederates and redistributed among the new freedmen, but it was rescinded by Johnson
-Republicans agreed that Johnson's plan needed some revisions, but he wouldn't budge
-Radicals drew up the plan known as the Congressional Reconstruction. First component was the 14th amendment which basically ended discrimination, barred high-ranking confederates from holding political office, and excused the confederacy's war debt (14th amendment holds protection from a state gov't.)
-Swing Around the Circle: Johnson campaigned against the 14th amendment which he lost
-Military Reconstruction Act of 1867: imposed martial law on the South, called for new state constitutional conventions, forced states to allow Black people to vote for convention delegates, and required each state to ratify the 14th amendment
-The House Judiciary Committee initiated impeachment of Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but really b/c he was getting in the way of reconstruction
-Ulysses S. Grant became the next president
-15th amendment proposed in 1869 finally required states to enfranchise Black men (only was passed b/c Southern states were required to ratify it as a condition to reenter the Union)

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