Counterculture (1 ene 1960 año – 1 ene 1980 año)

Descripción:

Red Power: 1961 Native Americans founded the National Indian Youth Council to advocate for indigenous rights. Resisted discriminatory conservation laws that prevented Native Americans from hunting on ancestral lands. Would host so-called "fish-ins" to draw attention to the issues. In 1969, dozens of people began an occupation of Alcatraz Island and the town of Wounded Knee.

Chicano: Confronted discrimination in agriculture, schooling, housing etc against Mexican-Americans. Founded new organizations like the Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) and the Mexican American Legal Defense Fund (MALDF). Cesar Chavez was the most well known figure of this movement. Used nonviolent tactics to campaign for workers' rights in CA. He and Dolores Huerta founded the United Farm Workers of America (UFWA) which advocated for better working conditions. Organized a hunger strike, a boycott of grapes, and and a march on Sacramento. Another activist was Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales who founded the Crusade for Justice in 1966 which created the first Chicano Liberation Day. Also helped create the Plan Espiritual de Aztlán, a Chicano manifesto

Environmentalism: Many activists started to advocate for the preservation of natural spaces and the restriction of harmful manufacturing practices. The most famous of these was probably the anti-pesticide movement, spurred by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. The environmental movement was also involved with anti-nuclear demonstrations, especially after Three Mile Island meltdown in 79. The movements culminated in the largest demonstration in history on the first Earth Day in 1970. In response, Nixon created the EPA and signed the National Environmental Policy Act.

Feminism: Older feminists like Eleanor Roosevelt really kick off the movement as it was in the 60s. She headed the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961. The commission advocated for change in employment, wages, labor laws and legal protections for mothers. However, the commission did not address the concerns of poor and non-white women. Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique also inspired many women. Mothers relying on welfare began to form advocacy groups, like the National Welfare Rights Organization. Mostly led by Black women ex Johnnie Tillman who got larger grants for school clothes and household appliances. Others founded "consciousness raising groups" which were safe discussion groups for women to have their experiences heard. Movement peaked with Women's Strike for Equality in 1970. After that, the movement fractured as lesbians and minority women splintered off after being underrepresented.

Asian American: Amy Uyematsu wrote "The Emergence of Yellow Power" in 1969 - states "black power" movement inspired Asian American Movement to redress injustices. Also student strikes at San Francisco State University and University of California, Berkeley in 1968 and 1969, which are successful for more ethnic-studies programs.

Gay Liberation: LGBTQ people also began to seek equal rights. They advocated for marriage equality and the decriminalization of same-sex relations. The movement gained momentum after the famous Stonewall uprising, in which patrons at a gay bar in NYC fought back against a police raid in a street battle that lasted for several days. In 1973, activists successfully got the American Psychiatric Association to stop classifying homosexuality as a mental illness. In 1982, WI banned discrimination based on sexual orientation. 9 more states did the same. However, transgender people were often excluded from these movements.

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