Timeline Iquitos - Cinta de tiempo

Rondas Campesinas Law: right of rural people to organize themselves against terrorism.

INTI replaced by new currency: Nuevo Sol

Self-coup: Fujimori dissolves the Congress

National Directorate Against Terrorism (DIRCOTE) captures Shining Path's leader Abimael Guzmán

Protest in Iquitos against the government's signing of the Treaty of Itamaray. 5 dead.

National System of Disaster Risk Management (SINAG- ERD) is established

CENEPRED creates the National Disaster Risk Management Policy (PNGRD)

Commission for the Official Registration of Informal Property (COFOPRI) gives free land titles [following De Soto's principles]

MiVivienda Fund is created, facilitating access to social housing

National Committee formed to research the Agrarian Reform and Housing Issues (CRAV)

John Turner starts working with Eduardo Neira in Peru on self-housing

'Viviendas en el Perú' Social Housing Programme starts

Issuing of Law 13517 for the regulation of barriadas in Peru

Coup d'état: Prado is overthrown and a Military Junta is established, with Godoy on command

Junta Nacional de Vivienda (JNV) [National Housing Junta] is created

Economic crisis: 50% devaluation of currency

Coup d'état: Belaúnde is overthrown by General Velasco Alvarado

Law 17716: Agrarian Reform

Nationalization of telephone, fishing and media companies

PREVI (Experimental Housing Project) is launched: the regular architectural discourse of the time responds to the informal city, based on the precepts of late Modernism and Team X >> Mass housing as an alternative to the massive informal settlements

Ministry of Housing is re-established

New Housing Policy following IDB recommendations and Chilean housing policy

Launching of Fondo MiVivienda (FMV): MiVivienda Credit (middle income) and Techo Propio (low income)

Commission of Truth and Reconciliation publishes report on terrorism years

Municipalities Law: local governments to assume responsibilities over housing and planning. Could not be implemented due to lack of planning culture and relevant skills at that level of government

FMV pushes property prices downwards so as to redirect private investment towards lower-income quintiles

Earthquake in Ica: 340,000 homeless people as a result. The government does very little to assist them

Fujimori is sentenced to 25 years in prison for crimes against humanity

Fire in Belén; firefighters cannot reach the area. 147 houses destroyed in Bajo Belén

CENEPRED (National Center of Disaster Risk Estimation, Prevention and Reduction) is created

MVCS launches the 'Belén Sostenible' Programme

'Nueva Ciudad de Belén' (NCB) Programme (in San Juan Bautista, 15 km away from Bajo Belén) replaces 'Belén Sostenible'. It is unknown what would take place in Bajo Belén after relocation, but the community holds the belief that it will be transformed into a new touristic area in Iquitos

Earthquake in Moyobamba, Amazonas, and La Libertad

'Príncipe de Asturias' Prize awarded to Villa El Salvador, Lima for its self-development

Establishment of Villa El Salvador, Lima: self-organization and self-development

Ministry of Housing > Ministry of Housing and Construction: on charge of regulating, planning and controlling all construction country-wide

Quechua is recognized as an official language

Organizing Committee of the Peruvian Revolution Defense Front is created. It goes against imperialism, oligarghies and radical left-wing cadres

State control > National Housing Fund (FONAVI) funds national housing programmes

Banmat (Material Bank) issues loans for construction materials

State of emergency declared in Ayacucho due to extreme terrorism

El Niño damages agriculture production, which negatively impacts the national economy

Iquitos emerges as the most important river port of the Amazon for the extraction of raw materials

End of the rubber fever due to the flourishing of rubber plantations in Asia and other European colonies (mainly Malaysia and Singapour)

As of 2019, oil reserves in Loreto are significantly high

Iquitos has electricity services installed, and its urban railway becomes operative

Iquitos is abandoned by rubber economic stakeholders. It plungs into poverty and isolation.

Loretan Revolution started by Guillermo Cervantes, against national govenrment's focus on the Peruvian coast at the expenses of the Amazon and hinterlands

Oil extraction starts in Loreto, bringing it somewhat back to the fore of attention nation-wide

WWII Allied forces establish the Capital Bergerie Airport and the Support Hospital in Iquitos in order to secure the transportation of Amazonian rubber to the U.S. factories and vulcanizers, as well as to prevent the Axis Powers from setting enclaves in the region

Popular uprising in Iquitos, led by General Marcial Merino, General Commander of the Jungle Division. Opposition to President Manuel A. Odría, accussing him of depriving citizens of their fundamental right of political and social organization. One of the main motivations behind this was to take Leticia back from Colombia, but the uprising was soon silenced

Popular uprising in Iquitos against the rising cost of public transportation

Violent student riots against shops and movie theatres against the rising cost of cultural activities in the city. One person dead; Army threatened with declaring state of emergency

Loreto floodings seriously impact Iquitos, especially Bajo Belén and its metropolitan area (blackout)

Amazon River declared one of the seven natural wonders

Popular protests against the Regional Government of Loreto due to an "irregular system of agrarian credits" that had seriously disserved thousands of farmers. Rioters also protested against the delays in the installation of the Integral Sewerage of Iquitos

Iquitos is host to the International Conference of Universities, gathering representatives from more than 651 advanced education institutions (UCP acting as host). The Conference issued the Iquitos Statement on Higher Education for Sustainable Development of UNESCO

Social uprising in Iquitos against concession of oil source site to the Canadian Pacific Stratus Energy, at the expense of Petroperú

250 Jews settle down in Iquitos given increasing anti-Semitism in Europe. Those who stayed after WWII founded the Israeli Charitable Society of Iquitos, led by Jorge Abramovitz

Growing inequalities, crime rates and economic decline have an impact on Iquitos

The ruralization of Amazonian cities starts to take shape

The PNGRD, however, shows a lack of connection between risk assistance and long-term development

As of July 2017, 70% of NCB's beneficiaries are not willing to move from Bajo Belén to NCB. Most local leaders oppose the relocation scheme to NCB

200 families of Bajo Belén have been relocated to NCB (but not 'resettled to')

Construction materials used in NCB start to show inefficiency in isolating residents from the heat + housing scheme appears rigid and not adapted to previous lifestyles

Project proposals to boost economic activities in NCB, but none is effectively launched

2013: Highest records of malaria and leptospirosis in Bajo Belén to date

Peruvian Congress passes Law 30291 to relocate 2,600 families out of Bajo Belén

Proyecto Mujeres Empoderadas [Empowered Women Project], has capacitated over 2000 women of San Juan Bautista in a) self-esteem; b) skills training in different modules; and c) application

Residents of NCB build a maloca

According to the 2007 census, between 60% - 80% of Iquitos' residents define themselves as Indigenous or of Indigenous descent

Law No. 27195 creates the Municipal District of Belén within the larger city of Iquitos

The Second Civil Court of Preparatory Research of Loreto sentences the Regional President of Loreto Yván Vásquez Valera to 18 months of prison for aggravated collusion in the management of a bidding for the construction of four riverboats. To date, Vásquez Valera continues to be a fugitive from justice

The United States Navy visits the military fort Soldado Vargas Guerra, an active military site and one of the most important military forts of Perú. The US Navy visited Iquitos for a technical training in survival skills, within the framework of an interoperability military mission between the United States and Latin America

Proposal from regional president Vásquez Valera to request the land of the military fort Soldado Vargas Guerra for the further urban development of Iquitos. However, the petition continues to be undecided to this day at the national level.

Inauguration of the National University of the Peruvian Amazon (Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana)

Inauguration of the Scientific University of Peru (Universidad Científica del Perú) - a private institution

Inauguration of the Amazonian Library (Biblioteca Amazónica) in the urban center of Iquitos. It is the most important public institution of Iquitos, and it is considered the most reknown Latin American library on Amazonian topics, second to the Manaus Library of Brazil

Due to mounting criminal activity, the Ministry of Interior of Perú decides to change the high command of the police force of Iquitos, who had been confronted with allegations of corruption

The INEI (National Institute of Statistics and Informatics) reports Iquitos to be the Peruvian city with second highest inflation rate

Aquaculture is introduced to Iquitos

Inauguration of Refinery of Iquitos (Refinería de Iquitos). It is the third most productive refinery of Perú, third to those in Talara and La Pampilla

The Criminal Court of Loreto gave a judgement of illegal mining activities in Iquitos. Two people were condemned for the illegal extraction of white sand out of the Allpahuayo Mishana Natural Reserve (near Bajo Belén). The case dates back to 2015. White sand is usually mixed with cement for construction purposes. The Reserve is a buffer zone, and the extraction of white sand was posing significant environmental damage. This ruling is historical as it is the first condemning illegal extractive activit

Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) terrorism

Alberto Fujimori's presidential term

Cenepa War (Peru vs. Ecuador)

Japanese Embassy Hostage Crisis by MRTA

Manuel Prado Ugarteche's presidential term

Military Junta

Fernando Belaunde's presidency - Belaúnde years:

Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces

Fernando Belaúnde's second presidency

Alan García's presidential term

Valentín Paniagua's presidency

Alejandro Toledo's presidential term

Alan García's second presidential term Neoliberal turn

Ollanta Humala's presidential term

Pedro Pablo Kuczynski's presidential term

Martín Vizcarra's current presidency

Self help housing era, supported by the state

National Housing Plan (PNV)

Increase of the housing supply. Techo Propio incorporates three typologies: new homes, self-housing, home-upgrading

Rubber fever: period of extreme extraction in the Department of Loreto

Economic bonanza for rubber tappers and transition from slavery to semi-slavery of Indigenous Peoples

Anthropological studies of Indigenous Populations in the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon (Kokama, Kokamilla and Omagua Peoples), conducted by the Augustinian Father and philologist Lucas Espinosa

The Rubber Fever brought a lot of construction development as well as basic services to Iquitos

Economic booms of Amazon resources: extraction of mullein (Barbasco), hides, silviculture and other resources

Urbanization of Iquitos starts to have a negative impact over the city

Approximate period for the emergence of Bajo Belén by the Itaya riverbed

Iquitos population experiences a 139.5% increase due to immigration as a consequence of the Rubber Fever

Massive immigration from rural areas of Loreto: the population of Iquitos more than quadrupled

Due to governmental subsidies, large numbers of men—both rural and urban dwellers —found long-term employment in distant forests where oil exploration and pipeline construction was underway > blurring of urban and rural livelihoods even further > establishment of multi-sited households

“Açaízation” of the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon: farming shift from predominantly annual-crop agriculture to forest-based production systems centered on açaí fruit, heart of palm, and managed and unmanaged forestry

Growth of squatter settlements in Pucallpa and other cities as distant as Lima + growth of small urban centers >> increased demand for inexpensive construction materials >> Rural smallholder farmers in Peruvian Amazonia have shifted their emphasis from commercial crop production to a combination of smaller-scale subsistence agriculture and management of forest products, especially of fast-growing timbers >> decline in the agricultural sector and the loss of an important source of income for smallholder

The Belaúnde years boost the urbanization of San Juan Bautista. Before this, it was a sparsely inhabited area

Increase of criminal activity rates in Iquitos