1 ene 1966 año - Black Panther Party founded

Descripción:

Black Panther Party:
A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities, where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects, but the Panthers’ radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police.



One of the most radical nationalist groups was the Black Panther Party, founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 by college students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, the Panthers took their cue from the slain Malcolm X, whose philosophy of black community empowerment and self-defense in the face of attack they embraced. They vehemently opposed the Vietnam War and declared solidarity with Third World revolutionary movements and other armed struggles (Map 26.5). In their manifesto, “What We Want, What We Believe,” the Panthers outlined their Ten Point Program for black liberation — which included calls for full employment, decent housing, and an end to police brutality, among other demands, and concluded by stating “We want Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace.”

In the decades after World War II, African nations threw off the yoke of European colonialism. Some new nations, such as Ghana, the former British colony of Gold Coast, achieved independence rather peacefully. Others, such as Algeria and Mozambique, did so only after bloody anticolonial wars. American civil rights activists watched African decolonization with great enthusiasm, seeing the two struggles as linked. “Sure we identified with the blacks in Africa,” civil rights leader John Lewis said. “Here were black people, talking of freedom and liberation and independence thousands of miles away.” In 1960 alone, the year that student sit-ins swept across the American South, more than a dozen African nations gained independence.

One of the most radical organizations of the 1960s, the Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton (shown together in the photograph on the left) in Oakland, California. Its members carried weapons, advocated socialism, and fought police brutality in black communities, but they also ran into their own trouble with the law. Nevertheless, the party had great success in reaching ordinary people, often with programs targeted at the poor. On the right, party members distribute a free meal to the public in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1969.


The first photo shows Bobby Seale and Huey Newton standing in front of a banner reads, “Black Panther Party.” The second photo shows the Black Panther Party distributing free hot dogs to the public.

The Panther organization spread to other cities in the late 1960s, and members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects. Their free breakfast program for children and their testing program for sickle-cell anemia, an inherited disease with a high incidence among African Americans, proved especially popular. However, the Panthers’ radicalism and calls for armed self-defense provoked violent clashes with police, who saw the group as outlaws. Newton was charged with murdering a police officer, several Panthers were killed by police, and dozens went to prison. Federal officials, too, tried to undermine the Party. Still under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had redirected its domestic surveillance and counterintelligence program from communists to black and radical student groups in the early 1960s. FBI officials infiltrated the Panthers, hired informants, and spent years sabotaging the group from the inside.

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